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group_5_presentation_3_-_seasonal_affective_disorder_sad [2017/04/07 16:40] joshid6 |
group_5_presentation_3_-_seasonal_affective_disorder_sad [2018/01/25 15:18] (current) |
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| ===== Risk Factors ===== | ===== Risk Factors ===== | ||
| - | <box 58% round right | > {{:sad_map.jpg|}} </box|Figure 1: Map of areas affected by SAD. Between the 30th parallels (yellow area), there is little to know winter depression. Beyond the 30th parallels, the rates of SAD increase to towards the poles.(Scientific American Mind, Vol16, No.3, 2005).> | + | <box 48% round right | > {{:sad_map.jpg|}} </box|Figure 1: Map of areas affected by SAD. Between the 30th parallels (yellow area), there is little to know winter depression. Beyond the 30th parallels, the rates of SAD increase to towards the poles.(Scientific American Mind, Vol16, No.3, 2005).> |
| - | + | People who live in areas further away from the equator experience a greater risk of developing SAD especially those in the northern latitudes as shown in Figure 1. In the United States, SAD occurs in about 1% of the population but rises to about 9% in people living in Alaska (Horowitz,, 2008).. Those who have limited exposure to sunlight in their workplace such as those who do shift work face a greater risk of SAD (Melrose, 2015). Individuals who move from southern latitudes to northern areas face an increased risk of SAD development. Researchers in Maine used SPAQ, and the Beck Depression Inventory study the incidence rate of SAD and S-SAD in 76 college students. SAD rates were found to be 13.2%, and researchers speculated that the students who had moved to Maine from lower latitudes were more likely to experience winter depression compared to those who were native to New England (Low & Fessiner, 1998). | |
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| - | People who live in areas further away from the equator experience a greater risk of developing SAD (, especially those in the northern latitudes as shown in Figure 1. In the United States, SAD occurs in about 1% of the population but rises to about 9% in people living in Alaska (Horowitz,, 2008).. Those who have limited exposure to sunlight in their workplace such as those who do shift work face a greater risk of SAD (Melrose, 2015). Individuals who move from southern latitudes to northern areas face an increased risk of SAD development. Researchers in Maine used SPAQ, and the Beck Depression Inventory study the incidence rate of SAD and S-SAD in 76 college students. SAD rates were found to be 13.2%, and researchers speculated that the students who had moved to Maine from lower latitudes were more likely to experience winter depression compared to those who were native to New England (Low & Fessiner, 1998). | + | |
| Miller (2005) described the idea of a latitude theory to explain the incidence of SAD. The theory asserts that reduced sunlight exposure in the winter months in northern climates increases an individual’s risk of SAD. However, Magnusson and Axelsson discerned that Icelandic people possibly had a genetic adaptation to low light in winter. The prevalence of SAD in native Icelandic and Canadian Icelandic individuals was found to be less than other populations (Magnusson & Axelsson, 1993). | Miller (2005) described the idea of a latitude theory to explain the incidence of SAD. The theory asserts that reduced sunlight exposure in the winter months in northern climates increases an individual’s risk of SAD. However, Magnusson and Axelsson discerned that Icelandic people possibly had a genetic adaptation to low light in winter. The prevalence of SAD in native Icelandic and Canadian Icelandic individuals was found to be less than other populations (Magnusson & Axelsson, 1993). | ||
| - | SAD typically occurs more frequently in individuals who have relatives who have experienced SAD. Thus A study by Madden et al. (1996) found that in 3, 331 Australian twins, genetic effects were involved in 29& of the observed variance in seasonality. SAD is seen more often in younger adults as the estimated onset is thought to be between the ages of 18 and 30 years (Melrose, 2015). | + | SAD typically occurs more frequently in individuals who have relatives who have experienced SAD. Thus a study by Madden et al. (1996) found that in 3, 331 Australian twins, genetic effects were involved in 29 of the observed variance in seasonality. SAD is seen more often in younger adults as the estimated onset is thought to be between the ages of 18 and 30 years (Melrose, 2015). |
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| - | <box width classes round white centre| **Circadian Rhythm Phase Shift**> {{:phaseshift.jpg|}}</box| Figure 2: Circadian phase shift due to a mismatch between biological (sleep/wake) and social clocks. | + | <box width classes round white centre| **Circadian Rhythm Phase Shift**> {{:phaseshift.jpg|}}</box| Figure 3: Circadian phase shift due to a mismatch between biological (sleep/wake) and social clocks. |
| (Moussa, 2012)> | (Moussa, 2012)> | ||
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| <style center> | <style center> | ||
| - | <box width classes round white centre| **SAD Rates Amongst Icelandic Natives and Americans**> {{:sadrate.jpg|}}</box| Figure 3: SAD rates are significantly lower in Icelandic native populations (those living in Iceland and those who emigrated to Canada) compared to those along the east coast of the United States. The population living in Sarasota, Florida serves as a control. (Magnusson & Axelsson, 1993)> | + | <box width classes round white centre| **SAD Rates Amongst Icelandic Natives and Americans**> {{:sadrate.jpg|}}</box| Figure 4: SAD rates are significantly lower in Icelandic native populations (those living in Iceland and those who emigrated to Canada) compared to those along the east coast of the United States. The population living in Sarasota, Florida serves as a control. (Magnusson & Axelsson, 1993)> |
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| ===== Diagnosis ===== | ===== Diagnosis ===== | ||
| - | Seasonal affective disorder can be difficult to diagnose because it is very similar to other depression symptoms. The first ever diagnosis criteria in the DSM was made by psychiatrist, Dr. Rosenthal, to explain what winter seasonal affective disorder is. However there have been revisions ever since in the DSM-IV. It is important to note that SAD does not have a unique diagnostic criteria. SAD is known as a specifier of recurrent major depressive episodes. The most important factor of diagnosing SAD is to determine the time of onset and offset of depressive episodes and additional symptoms and to make sure that patients have full remission in the summer. Most individuals who experience non-seasonal depression such as chronic major depressive disorder (MDD) experience a worsening effect on their depressive symptoms during the winter but this can be differentiated from individuals with SAD because those patients with MDD will be symptomatic in the summer, whereas SAD individuals will not be. | + | Seasonal affective disorder can be difficult to diagnose because it is very similar to other depression symptoms. The first ever diagnosis criteria in the DSM was made by psychiatrist, Dr. Rosenthal, to explain what winter seasonal affective disorder is (Rosenthal et al, 1984). However there have been revisions made and implemented in the DSM-IV. It is important to note that SAD does not have a unique diagnostic criteria. SAD is known as a specifier of recurrent major depressive episodes (Westrin & Lam, 2007). The most important factor of diagnosing SAD is to determine the time of onset and offset of depressive episodes and additional symptoms and to make sure that patients have full remission in the summer. Most individuals who experience non-seasonal depression such as chronic major depressive disorder (MDD) experience a worsening effect on their depressive symptoms during the winter but this can be differentiated from individuals with SAD because those patients with MDD will be symptomatic in the summer, whereas SAD individuals will not be (Westrin & Lam, 2007). |
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| + | **Criteria for Seasonal Pattern Specifier:** (Reid & Wise, 1995) | ||
| - | Criteria for Seasonal Pattern Specifier: | ||
| A. Regular temporal relationship between the onset of major depressive episodes and a particular time of the year (unrelated to obvious season-related psychosocial stressors) | A. Regular temporal relationship between the onset of major depressive episodes and a particular time of the year (unrelated to obvious season-related psychosocial stressors) | ||
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| ===== Conclusion ===== | ===== Conclusion ===== | ||
| - | Light therapy and antidepressants are the main lines of treatment for seasonal affective disorder. However, one of the best ways to deal with seasonal affective disorder is through preventative strategies by implementing therapies (such as light therapy) before the onset of symptoms. An interesting way of preventing the development of SAD symptoms is through virtual reality systems. We know that individuals who suffer from SAD not only face mental deterioration but they are also physically affected during the dark, gloomy days of winter months and one idea has been proposed and that is through the world of science and technology. It is by using virtual reality light therapy. VR would emulate the summer and expose the individual to warm, sunny tropical weather without the effect of harmful UV sun radiation. This could potentially improve and boost an individual’s mental health and reduce the effects of SAD during the winter. | + | Light therapy and antidepressants are the main lines of treatment for seasonal affective disorder. However, one of the best ways to deal with seasonal affective disorder is through preventative strategies by implementing therapies (such as light therapy) before the onset of symptoms. An interesting way of preventing the development of SAD symptoms is through virtual reality systems (Medeiros, 2017). We know that individuals who suffer from SAD not only face mental deterioration but they are also physically affected during the dark, gloomy days of winter months and one idea has been proposed and that is through the world of science and technology. It is by using virtual reality light therapy. VR would emulate the summer and expose the individual to warm, sunny tropical weather without the effect of harmful UV sun radiation (Medeiros, 2017). This could potentially improve and boost an individual’s mental health and reduce the effects of SAD during the winter. |
| - | ===== Overview of Seasonal Affective Disorder ===== | + | ===== Overview of Seasonal Affective Disorder ===== |
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| - | {{youtube>large:7z3jXX81WA8}} | + | |
| [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7z3jXX81WA8]] | [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7z3jXX81WA8]] | ||
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| ===== Presentation ===== | ===== Presentation ===== | ||
| {{:group_5_presentation_3_-_seasonal_affective_disorder.pptx|}} | {{:group_5_presentation_3_-_seasonal_affective_disorder.pptx|}} | ||
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| Mayoclinic. (2017). Seasonal Affective Disorder. Mayoclinic Health Newsletter. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/basics/definition/con-20021047 | Mayoclinic. (2017). Seasonal Affective Disorder. Mayoclinic Health Newsletter. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/basics/definition/con-20021047 | ||
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| + | Medeiros, D.M. (2017) Your VR Health Report. VR Fitness Insider. Retrieved from http://www.vrfitnessinsider.com/your-vr-health-report/ | ||
| Melrose, S. (2015). Seasonal affective disorder: an overview of assessment and treatment approaches. Depression research and treatment, 2015. | Melrose, S. (2015). Seasonal affective disorder: an overview of assessment and treatment approaches. Depression research and treatment, 2015. | ||
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| Puniewska, M. (2016, Nov 4). 10 Things you didn’t know about your circadian rhythm. Retrieved from http://www.prevention.com/health/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-your-circadian-rhythm. | Puniewska, M. (2016, Nov 4). 10 Things you didn’t know about your circadian rhythm. Retrieved from http://www.prevention.com/health/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-your-circadian-rhythm. | ||
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| + | Reid, W. H., & Wise, M. G. (1995). DSM-IV training guide. Psychology Press. | ||
| Rodin, I. and Thompson, C. (1997) Seasonal Affective Disorder. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 3: 352-359. | Rodin, I. and Thompson, C. (1997) Seasonal Affective Disorder. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 3: 352-359. | ||
