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group_5_presentation_2_-_high_protein_diets_and_kidney_function [2016/11/01 17:04] jogendm |
group_5_presentation_2_-_high_protein_diets_and_kidney_function [2018/01/25 15:18] (current) |
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| - | The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) are the proportion of one’s caloric intake which should come from each macronutrient. It is recommended that 10-35% of daily energy intake should be provided by protein (Whitney, Rolfes, Hammond and Piche, 2013). In a typical Western diet, more than twice the recommended levels of protein are often consumed, and some research supports that this may be associated with the increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Western society (Hariharan, Vellanki and Kramer, 2015). Conversely, high protein diets are increasingly recommended for weight loss and weight management programs, and there is much controversy regarding the safety of such long-term diets. | + | The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) are the proportion of one’s caloric intake which should come from each macronutrient. It is recommended that 10-35% of daily energy intake should be provided by protein (Whitney, Rolfes, Hammond and Piche, 2013). In a typical Western diet, more than twice the recommended levels of protein are often consumed, and some research supports that this may be associated with the increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Western society (Hariharan, Vellanki and Kramer, 2015). Conversely, high protein diets are increasingly recommended for weight loss and weight management programs, and there is much controversy regarding the safety of such long-term diets. An article written by Kamal Patel, and featured on examine.com (2014), attempts to demystify the claim that high protein diets lead to increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which is a measure of the amount of blood that filters through the glomeruli every minute (mL/min). There is speculation that an increase in GFR leads to stress on the kidneys, resulting in kidney damage. |
| - | An article written by Kamal Patel, and featured on examine.com (2014), attempts to demystify the claim that high protein diets lead to increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which is a measure of the amount of blood that filters through the glomeruli every minute (mL/min). There is speculation that an increase in GFR leads to stress on the kidneys, resulting in kidney damage. | + | |
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| - | **Jia and colleagues (2010)** tested the effects of a high protein diet on adult pigs. Pigs have very similar renal anatomy and physiology to that of humans, and thus are an appropriate test animal to use (Jia et al., 2010). Adult pigs were fed a diet consisting of either 15% of total calories from protein or 35% of total calories from protein for eight months. Protein came from a mixture of both plant and animal sources to closely resemble an average human diet. Between both the high and normal protein diets, lipid, fibre and micronutrient compositions were made equal to eliminate the presence of any confounding variables from diet. (Jia et al., 2010) After eight months, adult pigs fed the high protein diet had significantly higher kidney and glomerular volumes, however there was no significant difference in body mass between the high protein and normal protein groups. Additionally, after eight months, pigs fed the high protein diet exhibited more histological renal damage with 55% more fibrosis, and 30% more glomerulosclerosis in the kidney. There were also higher plasma homocysteine levels at 4 and 8 months. However, overall renal function as determined by inulin clearance, creatine clearance, or proteinuria was not affected by a high protein diet, as any increase in values at 4 months did not persist in the long term and differences overall were not statistically significant (Figure 1). Due to the similarity between pig and human renal physiology, this study presents evidence that suggests high protein diets may potentially be harmful to human renal function. (Jia et al., 2010) | + | **Jia and colleagues (2010)** tested the effects of a high protein diet on adult pigs. Pigs have very similar renal anatomy and physiology to that of humans, and thus are an appropriate test animal to use (Jia et al., 2010). Adult pigs were fed a diet consisting of either 15% of total calories from protein or 35% of total calories from protein for eight months. Protein came from a mixture of both plant and animal sources to closely resemble an average human diet. Between both the high and normal protein diets, lipid, fibre and micronutrient compositions were made equal to eliminate the presence of any confounding variables from diet. (Jia et al., 2010) After eight months, adult pigs fed the high protein diet had significantly higher kidney and glomerular volumes, however there was no significant difference in body mass between the high protein and normal protein groups. Additionally, after eight months, pigs fed the high protein diet exhibited more histological renal damage with 55% more fibrosis, and 30% more glomerulosclerosis in the kidney. There were also higher plasma homocysteine levels at 4 and 8 months. However, overall renal function as determined by inulin clearance, creatinine clearance, or proteinuria was not affected by a high protein diet, as any increase in values at 4 months did not persist in the long term and differences overall were not statistically significant (Figure 1). Due to the similarity between pig and human renal physiology, this study presents evidence that suggests high protein diets may potentially be harmful to human renal function. (Jia et al., 2010) |
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| ====== Conclusion ====== | ====== Conclusion ====== | ||
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| + | There is significant evidence presented in many scientific studies that recognizes high protein diets alter renal function in humans. However, there are inconsistencies between the results of short-term and long-term studies. Short term studies demonstrate an accompanied increase of GFR with high protein diets, whereas long-term studies lack statistical significance for a change in GFR, suggesting adapting renal physiology during chronic high protein intake. Additionally, source of protein and health status are important confounding variables that must be considered when evaluating the effects of kidney function of such diets. Despite the controversy surrounding the safety of high protein diets, there is no conclusive evidence supporting a direct causation between such diets and renal damage. | ||
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