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group_5_presentation_1_-_type_1_diabetes [2016/01/29 23:50]
dmellonr
group_5_presentation_1_-_type_1_diabetes [2018/01/25 15:18] (current)
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 Decreased insulin production causes an increase in blood glucose levels. For this reason, fat and muscle cells are deprived of glucose for energy. In a healthy person, the insulin is produced by special cells known as beta cells. They allow for these sugars to be moved by other cells. But in a Type 1 diabetic individual, the body’s defense cells attack these beta cells and destroy them (Alberti, G., & Zimmet, 1998). When attacked, the body suffers making it unable for the individual to properly intake glucose, affecting their eating choices. Additionally,​ without the presence of insulin, the body will allow glucose to build up to unsafe amounts instead of being used for energy intake. It is especially hard for younger children since it is one of the most common illnesses faced (Davendra, Liu, & Eisenbarth, 2004). ​ Decreased insulin production causes an increase in blood glucose levels. For this reason, fat and muscle cells are deprived of glucose for energy. In a healthy person, the insulin is produced by special cells known as beta cells. They allow for these sugars to be moved by other cells. But in a Type 1 diabetic individual, the body’s defense cells attack these beta cells and destroy them (Alberti, G., & Zimmet, 1998). When attacked, the body suffers making it unable for the individual to properly intake glucose, affecting their eating choices. Additionally,​ without the presence of insulin, the body will allow glucose to build up to unsafe amounts instead of being used for energy intake. It is especially hard for younger children since it is one of the most common illnesses faced (Davendra, Liu, & Eisenbarth, 2004). ​
  
-<​style-left>​ 
 {{ :​type-1-diabetes-diagram.jpg?​500 }} {{ :​type-1-diabetes-diagram.jpg?​500 }}
  
 **Figure 1**: Pathway of insulin in healthy vs. Diabetic individuals **Figure 1**: Pathway of insulin in healthy vs. Diabetic individuals
-</​style>​+ 
  
 ===== Epidemiology ===== ===== Epidemiology =====
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 {{ :​epi.jpg?​300 }} {{ :​epi.jpg?​300 }}
- +**Figure 2**: Type 1 diabetes incidence rates in children vs. adults
-**Figure 2**: Type 1 diabetes incidence rates in children vs. adults ​ +
-</​style>​+
  
 ===== Signs and Symptoms ===== ===== Signs and Symptoms =====
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 ===== Diagnosis ===== ===== Diagnosis =====
- 
 The complete diagnosis of T1DM is based on your symptoms and blood tests. Blood tests are a measure of blood sugar levels. Higher blood sugar levels coupled with the aforementioned symptoms is an indication of DM.  The complete diagnosis of T1DM is based on your symptoms and blood tests. Blood tests are a measure of blood sugar levels. Higher blood sugar levels coupled with the aforementioned symptoms is an indication of DM. 
  
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 ==== Islet Transplantation ==== ==== Islet Transplantation ====
  
-Islet cell transportation is a procedure that is performed to transplant the islets taken from a donated pancreas usually from a deceased donor, into a diabetic patient’s liver (Shapiro, 2006). ​Inorder to isolate the islets of Langerhans from the deceased donor’s ​ pancreas, ​a thin tube is introduced into the pancreatic duct which runs throughout the whole pancreas carrying with it a  mixture of highly purified enzymes known as collagenases ​(Shapiro, 2006). The delivery of the collagenase solution ​ into the pancreatic duct leads to the enlargement and distention of the organ, due to the internal pressure ​(Shapiro, 2006)The swollen pancreas is chopped into small pieces and further transferred into a machine called Ricordi'​s chamber ​(Shapiro, 2006)Inside, the Ricordi’s chamber, digestion takes place in order to isolate the islets ​ and prepare for their removal from the solution ​(Shapiro, 2006). They then go through a process of purification ​in order to separate the isolated islets from the exocrine tissue ​and debris. ​Transplantation starts with placing a small catheter through a tiny incision into the upper abdomen and into the portal vein of the liver (Shapiro, 2006)The patient receives a local anesthetic, and then the islets are infused through the catheter allowing them to enter the diabetic patient’s ​liver (Shapiro, 2006). Finding ​the proper placement of the catheter is very risky, and requires the use of an ultrasound and radiography techniques ​(Shapiro, 2006)After the islets are successfully transplanted in the liver, insulin starts to be produced, resulting in the immediate release of  beta cells (Shapiro, 2006). ​Immunosuppressant drugs are prescribed to patients after the transplant in order to ensure that their immune system doesn’t attach the transplanted islets (Shapiro, 2006). ​+Islet cell transportation is a procedure that is performed to transplant the islets taken from a donated pancreas usually from a deceased donor, into a diabetic patient’s liver (Shapiro, 2006). ​ 
 +1) a thin tube is introduced into the pancreatic duct which runs throughout the whole pancreas carrying with it a  mixture of highly purified enzymes known as collagenases ​ 
 +2This leads to the enlargement and distention of the organ, due to the internal pressure ​ 
 +3)The swollen pancreas is chopped into small pieces and further transferred into a machine called Ricordi'​s chamber 
 +4) Inside, the Ricordi’s chamber, digestion takes place in order to isolate the islets ​ and prepare for their removal from the solution ​ 
 +5Purification proceeds ​in order to separate the isolated islets from the exocrine tissue ​ 
 +6) Transplantation starts with placing a small catheter through a tiny incision into the upper abdomen and into the portal vein of the liver 
 +7) The patient receives a local anesthetic, and then the islets are infused through the catheter allowing them to enter the diabetic patient’s ​liverFinding ​the proper placement of the catheter is very risky, and requires the use of an ultrasound and radiography techniques ​ 
 +8) After the islets are successfully transplanted in the liver, insulin starts to be produced, resulting in the immediate release of  beta cells Immunosuppressant drugs are prescribed to patients after the transplant in order to ensure that their immune system doesn’t attach the transplanted islets (Shapiro, 2006). ​
  
 {{:​islet_transplantation_process.jpg|{{:​islet_transplantation_process.jpg|}} {{:​islet_transplantation_process.jpg|{{:​islet_transplantation_process.jpg|}}
  
-**Figure 6**: schematic ​of islet transplantation procedure+**Figure 6**: Schematic ​of islet transplantation procedure
  
 ==== Bi-hormonal Bionic Pancreas ==== ==== Bi-hormonal Bionic Pancreas ====
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 {{:​past.jpg?​400}} {{:​past.jpg?​400}}
  
-**Figure 7**: the bihormonal bionic endocrine pancreas used in the clinical trial. (Russell, 2012)+**Figure 7**: The bihormonal bionic endocrine pancreas used in the clinical trial. (Russell, 2012)
  
  
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 {{:​future.jpg?​400}} {{:​future.jpg?​400}}
  
-**Figure 9**: the bihormonal bionic endocrine pancreas, with the incorporation of a smartphone. (Philip Elmer-DeWitt,​ 2014) +**Figure 9**: The bihormonal bionic endocrine pancreas, with the incorporation of a smartphone. (Philip Elmer-DeWitt,​ 2014) 
  
  
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