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group_5_presentation_1_-_regeneration_stem_cells [2019/02/01 13:32] zafarz1 |
group_5_presentation_1_-_regeneration_stem_cells [2019/02/01 17:37] (current) smithl12 |
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| + | ========Regeneration and Stem Cells======== | ||
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| ======1. Introduction to Regeneration====== | ======1. Introduction to Regeneration====== | ||
| Regeneration is a fascinating concept among us humans; the thought of amputated limbs growing back into fully functioning body parts has long been popularized in cartoons and fictional characters. For instance, Piccolo, a character from Dragon Ball Z is popular for its remarkable regenerative capability. | Regeneration is a fascinating concept among us humans; the thought of amputated limbs growing back into fully functioning body parts has long been popularized in cartoons and fictional characters. For instance, Piccolo, a character from Dragon Ball Z is popular for its remarkable regenerative capability. | ||
| + | {{ :dragonball.gif?nolink&300 |}} | ||
| Figure 1. Cartoon character, Piccolo, displaying regeneration. | Figure 1. Cartoon character, Piccolo, displaying regeneration. | ||
| - | Regeneration: The process by which an organism is able to replace or restore lost tissue, organs, limbs or other body structures (King & Newmark, 2012) | + | Regeneration is the process by which an organism is able to replace or restore lost tissue, organs, limbs, or other body structures (King & Newmark, 2012). Interestingly, the phenomena of repair and regeneration are universal, but the capacity for regeneration is a characteristic that varies remarkably among organisms. Certain invertebrates, such as hydra, possess the ability to regenerate into two genetically identical individuals when cut in half (Bosch, 2007). Amphibians such as salamanders can readily replace whole body parts (Morrison et al., 2006). Mammals however, are fairly limited in their ability to regenerate. Although the function of a damaged organ may be recovered, most mammals are unable to restore missing body structures (King & Newmark, 2012). The ability to replace lost or damaged organs with new body structures that are genetically and functionally identical to the original is known as complete regeneration. Incomplete regeneration describes the process by which organ or tissue function may be recovered, but missing or damaged structures cannot be restored (King & Newmark, 2012). |
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| - | Interestingly, the phenomena of repair and regeneration are universal, but the capacity for regeneration is a characteristic that varies remarkably among organisms. Certain invertebrates, such as Hydra, possess the ability to regenerate into two genetically identical individuals when cut in half (Bosch, 2007). Amphibians such as Salamanders can readily replace whole body parts (Morrison et al., 2006). Mammals however, are fairly limited in their ability to regenerate. Although the function of a damaged organ may be recovered, most mammals are unable to restore missing body structures (King & Newmark, 2012). The ability to replace lost or damaged organs with new body structures that are genetically and functionally identical to the original, is known as complete regeneration. Incomplete regeneration describes the process by which organ or tissue function may be recovered, but missing or damaged structures cannot be restored (King & Newmark, 2012). | + | |
| ======2. Defining Key Terms====== | ======2. Defining Key Terms====== | ||
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| Regeneration can occur in three different ways: epimorphosis, morphallaxis and compensatory regeneration. | Regeneration can occur in three different ways: epimorphosis, morphallaxis and compensatory regeneration. | ||
| - | Epimorphosis: This type of regeneration is commonly found within Salamanders, usually results in a new limb or appendage. In this type of regeneration, the remaining part of the limb attached to the body is able to form a ‘blastema’ at the site of the cut. The cells on the wound are able to help construct the missing structures in an ‘add-on’ type of manner. | + | **Epimorphosis**: This type of regeneration is commonly found within Salamanders, usually results in a new limb or appendage. In this type of regeneration, the remaining part of the limb attached to the body is able to form a ‘blastema’ at the site of the cut. The cells on the wound are able to help construct the missing structures in an ‘add-on’ type of manner. |
| - | Morphallaxis: This form of regeneration is commonly found in Hydras, there is no ‘blastema’ formed and the remaining cells are used to regenerate the rest of the body. | + | **Morphallaxis**: This form of regeneration is commonly found in Hydras, there is no ‘blastema’ formed and the remaining cells are used to regenerate the rest of the body. |
| - | Compensatory: Regeneration of this form occurs with the human liver, cells divide but they maintain their differentiated functions. Meaning that the cells produce other cells of their own kind and there is no undifferentiated tissue needed. | + | **Compensatory**: Regeneration of this form occurs with the human liver, cells divide but they maintain their differentiated functions. Meaning that the cells produce other cells of their own kind and there is no undifferentiated tissue needed. |
| ======4. Regeneration in Animals====== | ======4. Regeneration in Animals====== | ||
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| ==E. Human Application== | ==E. Human Application== | ||
| - | {{ :salamander.png?nolink |}} | + | {{ :salamander.png?nolink |}} (Heinrich, 2016) |
| The regeneration in model organisms is applicable to humans as scientists can copy or use these ideas as a framework for future research. For example, using this idea of dedifferentiating cells, scientists are able to create induced multipotent stem cells out of fat cells. Through aspirating fat cells with two different solutions, the fat cells can convert back to a less specific state which can be used for wound healing. However, this cannot be used to regrow limbs, but this is a great step in the right direction for regenerative medicine. (Heinrich, 2016) | The regeneration in model organisms is applicable to humans as scientists can copy or use these ideas as a framework for future research. For example, using this idea of dedifferentiating cells, scientists are able to create induced multipotent stem cells out of fat cells. Through aspirating fat cells with two different solutions, the fat cells can convert back to a less specific state which can be used for wound healing. However, this cannot be used to regrow limbs, but this is a great step in the right direction for regenerative medicine. (Heinrich, 2016) | ||
