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group_4_presentation_3_-_effects_of_marijuana_on_the_brain [2017/04/07 20:39] gillas3 |
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| The use of a psychoactive drug to alter one’s mind state, modify emotions, cognitions, and perceptions is often described as recreational usage. Marijuana has been long used as a recreational drug due its psychoactive effects (Bello, 2007). Today, people use marijuana for several activities and occasions, including but not limited to (Osborne & Fogel, 2008) : | The use of a psychoactive drug to alter one’s mind state, modify emotions, cognitions, and perceptions is often described as recreational usage. Marijuana has been long used as a recreational drug due its psychoactive effects (Bello, 2007). Today, people use marijuana for several activities and occasions, including but not limited to (Osborne & Fogel, 2008) : | ||
| - | Relaxing and Concentrating | + | * Relaxing and Concentrating |
| - | Making everyday activities more enjoyable | + | * Making everyday activities more enjoyable |
| - | Eating | + | * Eating |
| - | Listening to music | + | * Listening to music |
| - | Socializing | + | * Socializing |
| - | Watching movies | + | * Watching movies |
| - | Playing sports | + | * Playing sports |
| - | Having Sex | + | * Having Sex |
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| In Canada, as in many other countries, marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug (Statistics Canada, 2013). | In Canada, as in many other countries, marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug (Statistics Canada, 2013). | ||
| - | <box 80% round | >{{:rsz_1231324reqwf.png|}} </box|Figure ##: Estimated prevalence (proportion) of cannabis dependence by age, sex and region, 2010. (Degenhard et al, 2013)> | + | <box 80% round | >{{:rsz_1231324reqwf.png|}} </box|Figure 2: Estimated prevalence (proportion) of cannabis dependence by age, sex and region, 2010. (Degenhard et al, 2013)> |
| Throughout the world the prevalence was higher in males than females, resulting in an average male:female sex ratio of 1.8 (Degenhard et al, 2013). Prevalence peaks worldwide in the 20-24 years age group at between and then steadily decreasing after that age group thereafter (Degenhard et al, 2013). | Throughout the world the prevalence was higher in males than females, resulting in an average male:female sex ratio of 1.8 (Degenhard et al, 2013). Prevalence peaks worldwide in the 20-24 years age group at between and then steadily decreasing after that age group thereafter (Degenhard et al, 2013). | ||
| - | <box 50% round | >{{:rsz_1journalpone0076635g002.png|}} </box|Figure ##: Pooled regional prevalence of cannabis dependence, 2010. | + | <box 50% round | >{{:rsz_1journalpone0076635g002.png|}} </box|Figure 3: Pooled regional prevalence of cannabis dependence, 2010. |
| Note. Prevalence estimates were standardised by population age and sex; AP-HI: Asia Pacific, High Income, As-C: Asia Central, AS-E: Asia East, AS-S: Asia South, A-SE: Asia Southeast, Aus: Australasia, Caribb: Caribbean, Eur-C: Europe Central, Eur-E: Europe Eastern, Eur-W: Europe Western, LA-An: Latin America, Andean, LA-C: Latin America, Central, LA-Sth: Latin America, Southern, LA-Trop: Latin America, Tropical, Nafr-ME: North Africa/Middle East, Nam-HI: North America, High Income, Oc: Oceania, SSA-C: Sub-Saharan Africa, Central, SSA-E: Sub-Saharan Africa, East, SSA-S: Sub-Saharan Africa Southern, SSA-W: Sub-Saharan Africa, West. (Degenhard et al, 2013)> | Note. Prevalence estimates were standardised by population age and sex; AP-HI: Asia Pacific, High Income, As-C: Asia Central, AS-E: Asia East, AS-S: Asia South, A-SE: Asia Southeast, Aus: Australasia, Caribb: Caribbean, Eur-C: Europe Central, Eur-E: Europe Eastern, Eur-W: Europe Western, LA-An: Latin America, Andean, LA-C: Latin America, Central, LA-Sth: Latin America, Southern, LA-Trop: Latin America, Tropical, Nafr-ME: North Africa/Middle East, Nam-HI: North America, High Income, Oc: Oceania, SSA-C: Sub-Saharan Africa, Central, SSA-E: Sub-Saharan Africa, East, SSA-S: Sub-Saharan Africa Southern, SSA-W: Sub-Saharan Africa, West. (Degenhard et al, 2013)> | ||
| Prevalence in high income regions was much higher than that in low to middle income regions and the global average (Degenhard et al, 2013). Cannabis dependence in Australasia is about 8 times higher than prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa, West (Degenhard et al, 2013). | Prevalence in high income regions was much higher than that in low to middle income regions and the global average (Degenhard et al, 2013). Cannabis dependence in Australasia is about 8 times higher than prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa, West (Degenhard et al, 2013). | ||
| - | <box 50% round | >{{:rsz_journalpone0076635g004.png|}}</box|Figure ##: Country-level DALYs per 100,000 population for cannabis dependence, age-standardised, for 2010. | + | <box 50% round | >{{:rsz_journalpone0076635g004.png|}}</box|Figure 4: Country-level DALYs per 100,000 population for cannabis dependence, age-standardised, for 2010. |
| Note. Low: shows countries with statistically lower DALY rates than global mean; Middle: Shows countries with DALY rates that are not statistically different to global mean; High: Shows countries with statistically higher DALY rates than global mean. (Degenhard et al, 2013)> | Note. Low: shows countries with statistically lower DALY rates than global mean; Middle: Shows countries with DALY rates that are not statistically different to global mean; High: Shows countries with statistically higher DALY rates than global mean. (Degenhard et al, 2013)> | ||
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| Arnone, D., Barrick, T. R., Chengappa, S., Mackay, C. E., Clark, C. A., & Abou-Saleh, M. T. (2008). Corpus callosum damage in heavy marijuana use: preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor tractography and tract-based spatial statistics. Neuroimage, 41(3), 1067-1074. | Arnone, D., Barrick, T. R., Chengappa, S., Mackay, C. E., Clark, C. A., & Abou-Saleh, M. T. (2008). Corpus callosum damage in heavy marijuana use: preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor tractography and tract-based spatial statistics. Neuroimage, 41(3), 1067-1074. | ||
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| + | Bello, J. (2007). The Benefits of Marijuana: Physical, Psychological and Spiritual. Lifeservices Press. | ||
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| Block, R. I., O'leary, D. S., Ehrhardt, J. C., Augustinack, J. C., Ghoneim, M. M., Arndt, S., & Hall, J. A. (2000). Effects of frequent marijuana use on brain tissue volume and composition. Neuroreport, 11(3), 491-496. | Block, R. I., O'leary, D. S., Ehrhardt, J. C., Augustinack, J. C., Ghoneim, M. M., Arndt, S., & Hall, J. A. (2000). Effects of frequent marijuana use on brain tissue volume and composition. Neuroreport, 11(3), 491-496. | ||
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| Brock, Tom. "CANNABINOID SIGNALING: THE ORIGINAL RETROGRADE SIGNALING PATHWAY". Caymanchem.com. N.p., 2008. Web. 2 Apr. 2017. | Brock, Tom. "CANNABINOID SIGNALING: THE ORIGINAL RETROGRADE SIGNALING PATHWAY". Caymanchem.com. N.p., 2008. Web. 2 Apr. 2017. | ||
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| + | Caulkins, J. P., Kilmer, B., & Kleiman, M. A. (2016). Marijuana Legalization: What Everyone Needs to Know?. Oxford University Press. | ||
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| + | Cohen, J. A., & Rudick, R. A. (Eds.). (2007). Multiple sclerosis therapeutics. CRC Press. | ||
| Deem, R. (2013). The Medical "Benefits" of Smoking Marijuana (Cannabis): a Review of the Current Scientific Literatureby Rich Deem. Retrieved April 01, 2017, from http://www.godandscience.org/doctrine/medical_marijuana_review.html | Deem, R. (2013). The Medical "Benefits" of Smoking Marijuana (Cannabis): a Review of the Current Scientific Literatureby Rich Deem. Retrieved April 01, 2017, from http://www.godandscience.org/doctrine/medical_marijuana_review.html | ||
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| Foltin, R. W., Fischman, M. W., & Byrne, M. F. (1988). Effects of smoked marijuana on food intake and body weight of humans living in a residential laboratory. Appetite, 11(1), 1-14. | Foltin, R. W., Fischman, M. W., & Byrne, M. F. (1988). Effects of smoked marijuana on food intake and body weight of humans living in a residential laboratory. Appetite, 11(1), 1-14. | ||
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| + | Gupta, S. (2013). Why I changed my mind on weed. CNN. com, 9. | ||
| Hendershot, C. S., Magnan, R. E., & Bryan, A. D. (2010). Associations of marijuana use and sex-related marijuana expectancies with HIV/STD risk behavior in high-risk adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(3), 404. | Hendershot, C. S., Magnan, R. E., & Bryan, A. D. (2010). Associations of marijuana use and sex-related marijuana expectancies with HIV/STD risk behavior in high-risk adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(3), 404. | ||
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| + | Hoffmann, D. E., & Weber, E. (2010). Medical marijuana and the law. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(16), 1453-1457. | ||
| H. (2015, September 17). The Effects Of Weed On Your Health. Retrieved April 01, 2017, from http://herb.co/2015/09/17/the-effects-of-weed-on-your-health/ | H. (2015, September 17). The Effects Of Weed On Your Health. Retrieved April 01, 2017, from http://herb.co/2015/09/17/the-effects-of-weed-on-your-health/ | ||
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| Lotan, I., Treves, T. A., Roditi, Y., & Djaldetti, R. (2014). Cannabis (Medical Marijuana) Treatment for Motor and Non–Motor Symptoms of Parkinson Disease: An Open-Label Observational Study. Clinical neuropharmacology, 37(2), 41-44. | Lotan, I., Treves, T. A., Roditi, Y., & Djaldetti, R. (2014). Cannabis (Medical Marijuana) Treatment for Motor and Non–Motor Symptoms of Parkinson Disease: An Open-Label Observational Study. Clinical neuropharmacology, 37(2), 41-44. | ||
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| + | Murnion, B. (2015). Medicinal cannabis. Australian prescriber, 38(6), 212. | ||
| Osborne, G. B., & Fogel, C. (2008). Understanding the motivations for recreational marijuana use among adult Canadians. Substance use & misuse, 43(3-4), 539-572. | Osborne, G. B., & Fogel, C. (2008). Understanding the motivations for recreational marijuana use among adult Canadians. Substance use & misuse, 43(3-4), 539-572. | ||
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| Short- & Long-Term Effects of Marijuana - Negative Side Effects of Weed - Drug-Free World. (n.d.). Retrieved April 01, 2017, from http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/marijuana/short-and-long-term-effects.html | Short- & Long-Term Effects of Marijuana - Negative Side Effects of Weed - Drug-Free World. (n.d.). Retrieved April 01, 2017, from http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/marijuana/short-and-long-term-effects.html | ||
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| + | Richard, O. N., & Paul, O. B. Medical Marijuana: Basic Scientific View. | ||
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| + | Rosenthal, E., & Newhart, S. (2002). Marijuana Gold: Trash to Stash. Ed Rosenthal. | ||
| "The Science Of Marijuana: How THC Affects The Brain". Headsup.scholastic.com. N.p., 2011. Web. 2 Apr. 2017. | "The Science Of Marijuana: How THC Affects The Brain". Headsup.scholastic.com. N.p., 2011. Web. 2 Apr. 2017. | ||
