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group_4_presentation_3_-_crohn_s_disease [2016/12/02 17:51] hongjj |
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| Infliximab is highly effective compared to other methods of treatments due to its high effectiveness and relatively low toxicity. When compared to another method of treatment, azathioprine, a purine analog working as an immunosuppressant, it has significantly better results (Colombel et al., 2010). Infliximab, seen in green on Figure 9 (replace with right number), is not more effective than a combined therapy, seen in blue. However, the combined therapy is much more toxic than the infliximab alone, therefore negates its effectiveness (Colombel et al., 2010). Furthermore, the increase in effectiveness of combined therapy is most likely due to the additive effect of using both drugs (Colombel et al., 2010). | Infliximab is highly effective compared to other methods of treatments due to its high effectiveness and relatively low toxicity. When compared to another method of treatment, azathioprine, a purine analog working as an immunosuppressant, it has significantly better results (Colombel et al., 2010). Infliximab, seen in green on Figure 9 (replace with right number), is not more effective than a combined therapy, seen in blue. However, the combined therapy is much more toxic than the infliximab alone, therefore negates its effectiveness (Colombel et al., 2010). Furthermore, the increase in effectiveness of combined therapy is most likely due to the additive effect of using both drugs (Colombel et al., 2010). | ||
| - | <box width classes round white centre|>{{:12029.png|}}</box| Figure 9: Comparison of Azathioprine Monotherapy, Infliximab Monotherapy, and Azathioprine and Infliximab Combined Therapy. Modified from> | + | <box width classes round white centre|>{{:12029.png|}}</box| Figure 9: Comparison of Azathioprine Monotherapy, Infliximab Monotherapy, and Azathioprine and Infliximab Combined Therapy. Modified from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0904492#t=article.> |
| **Side Effects** | **Side Effects** | ||
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| Current research is exploring the role of endogenous microbial communities in Crohn’s disease patients and healthy individuals. Researchers are concerned with dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut microbiota composition, and its association with several diseases, particularly inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s. | Current research is exploring the role of endogenous microbial communities in Crohn’s disease patients and healthy individuals. Researchers are concerned with dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut microbiota composition, and its association with several diseases, particularly inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s. | ||
| + | **Liguori et al. (2015)** | ||
| A study by Liguori et al. (2015) analyzed bacterial and fungal microbiota biodiversity, and bacterial and fungal compositions present in the colonic mucosa of both Crohn’s patients and healthy subjects. Crohn’s disease was diagnosed in these patients according to classical clinical, endoscopic, and histological parameters (Liguori et al., 2015). Patients were considered healthy if they had no history or clinical symptoms of intestinal disorders or endoscopic or histological signs of irritable bowel disease (Liguori et al., 2015). Colonic mucosa specimens of Crohn’s patients were surgically acquired during oleo-colonic resection. Diseased specimens of the right colon, in both inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa, were collected. Specimens of healthy patients were sampled during colonoscopy using standardized biopsies of the right colon (Liguori et al., 2015). Liguori et al., (2015) observed a decline in biodiversity of Crohn’s disease patients samples compared with healthy subject samples. This result was true in both active and dormant Crohn’s patients, and in inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa. In Crohn’s patients, an increase of Proteobacteria was observed with a decrease of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (Liguori et al., 2015). The most major differences between Crohn’s and healthy patients were observed in the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla (Liguori et al., 2015). The results also revealed a significant increase of global fungus load in Crohn’s patients when compared with healthy subjects. This was observed in both inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa (Liguori et al., 2015). | A study by Liguori et al. (2015) analyzed bacterial and fungal microbiota biodiversity, and bacterial and fungal compositions present in the colonic mucosa of both Crohn’s patients and healthy subjects. Crohn’s disease was diagnosed in these patients according to classical clinical, endoscopic, and histological parameters (Liguori et al., 2015). Patients were considered healthy if they had no history or clinical symptoms of intestinal disorders or endoscopic or histological signs of irritable bowel disease (Liguori et al., 2015). Colonic mucosa specimens of Crohn’s patients were surgically acquired during oleo-colonic resection. Diseased specimens of the right colon, in both inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa, were collected. Specimens of healthy patients were sampled during colonoscopy using standardized biopsies of the right colon (Liguori et al., 2015). Liguori et al., (2015) observed a decline in biodiversity of Crohn’s disease patients samples compared with healthy subject samples. This result was true in both active and dormant Crohn’s patients, and in inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa. In Crohn’s patients, an increase of Proteobacteria was observed with a decrease of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (Liguori et al., 2015). The most major differences between Crohn’s and healthy patients were observed in the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla (Liguori et al., 2015). The results also revealed a significant increase of global fungus load in Crohn’s patients when compared with healthy subjects. This was observed in both inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa (Liguori et al., 2015). | ||
| - | <box width classes round white centre|>{{:cycle_of_weight_loss.jpg|}}</box| Figure 11: Cycle of Weight Loss. Retrieved from: http://weight.sdghealth.com/copd_and_weight_loss.html#8> | + | <box width classes round white centre|>{{:screenshot_2016-12-03_12.46.29.png|}}</box| Figure 10: Differential bacterial species (left) and fungal species (right) expressed in Crohn's patients and Healthy Individuals. Modified from Liguori et al. (2015).> |
| - | ===== Conclusion ===== | + | <box width classes round white centre|>{{:120211.png|}}</box| Figure 11: Differential fungal taxa expressed in inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa of active cases (left) and Crohn's patients in remission (right). Modified from Liguori et al. (2015).> |
| + | **Hoarau et al. (2016)** | ||
| + | Another study conducted by Hoarau et al. (2016) outlines five major findings. | ||
| + | 1. Microbiotas of familial samples are distinct from those of nonfamilial samples (Hoarau et al., 2016) | ||
| + | Gut samples collected from related individuals indicated greater similarities to each other regardless of their Crohn’s disease status. This provides insight for identifying organisms linked to the disease by comparing the microbiotas within affected and unaffected family members (Hoarau et al., 2016). | ||
| + | 2. Abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria is increased while beneficial bacteria are decreased in CD (Hoarau et al., 2016) | ||
| + | An increased abundance of potentially pathogenic bacterial species, such as Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens, were found in the samples of Crohn’s patients compared to healthy subjects. The team identified the abundance of 11 genera and 15 species that differed significantly in Crohn’s patients (Hoarau et al., 2016). | ||
| - | <box width classes round white centre|>{{:action_of_anti-cholinergics.png|}}</box| Figure 14: Action of Anti-Cholinergics> | + | 3. Candida tropicalis abundance is significantly increased in CD patients (Hoarau et al., 2016) |
| + | Correlations between C. tropicalis abundance and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) levels were investigated because the yeasts of the genus Candida are described as immunogens for Crohn’s Disease biomarkers designated ASCAs. The ASCA level was significantly higher in Crohn’s patients than in the healthy group. C. tropicalis was also the only fungus that was positively associated with ASCA (Hoarau et al., 2016). | ||
| + | 4. CD is associated with inter- and intrakingdom correlations (Hoarau et al., 2016) | ||
| + | Hoarau et al. (2016) found several significant associations at the genus and species levels in both bacteria and fungi. Moreover, C. tropicalis demonstrated significantly positive associations with 13 bacterial species, including E. coli and S. marcescens (Hoarau et al., 2016). | ||
| + | 5. Biofilm formation mediates interkingdom interactions in CD (Hoarau et al., 2016) | ||
| + | The analysis of a method called scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that biofilms formed by C. tropicalis alone comprised yeast forms while the biofilms formed by a combination of C. tropicalis and either E. coli or S. marcescens were enriched in fungal hyphae, a form of growth associated with pathogenic conditions (Hoarau et al., 2016). | ||
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| + | <box width classes round white centre|>{{:120212.png|}}</box| Figure 12: Interactions of Transmission electron microscopy analyses of biofilms formed by C. tropicalis alone or in combination with E. coli and/or S. marcescens. (A) C. tropicalis plus E. coli; (B) C. tropicalis plus S. marcescens; (C) C. tropicalis plus E. coli plus S. marcescens (bar, 0.5 m); (D) C. tropicalis plus E. coli plus S. marcescens (bar, 200 nm). Modified from Hoarau et al. (2016).> | ||
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| + | ===== Conclusion ===== | ||
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| + | A lot of research still needs to be done in order to better understand Crohn’s Disease. Genetic factors are linked with Crohn’s disease and increases the risk of diagnosis. The risk is much greater in individuals of similar familial background than those who are unrelated. Measles viral infections are also a confirmed risk factor of Crohn’s disease. Knowledge of risk may result in better preparation before diagnosis and more applicable treatments following diagnosis. Genetically susceptible individuals may engage in necessary measures to avoid triggering the disease symptoms while others may take precautions by receiving appropriate immunizations. | ||
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| + | Awareness of certain factors that exacerbate Crohn’s is valuable for disease treatment and management. Avoiding habits which jeopardize optimal health in Crohn’s patients, such as cigarette smoking and use of contraceptives, may lead to fewer flares and discomfort experienced by these individuals. Crohn’s patients may also seek alternative methods to satisfy these habitual needs. | ||
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| + | Treatment depends on the severity of each case, but medication is available for a large proportion of patients. Prednisone and infliximab/ remicade are both examples of effective pharmaceuticals prescribed to manage existing cases of Crohn’s. Current research suggest that there may be specific microbiota associated with Crohn’s disease. Recent findings on microbial communities is promising and may be pivotal point in Crohn’s disease history and treatment discovery, development, and approach. | ||
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| ===== References ===== | ===== References ===== | ||
