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| ====== Treatment ====== | ====== Treatment ====== | ||
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| + | There are three main forms of treatment that are used to alleviate the side effects of concussions. The first being physical and mental rest, rest is appropriate in order for the brain to recover, both physically and mentally. Relative rest includes the limiting of activities that require thinking and mental concentration. This is heavily imposed especially the first two days after the concussion, although rest taken to extreme levels is counterproductive. This includes lying in a dark room avoiding all stimuli. It is advised in the first 48 hours that there should be a limit of activities that require high mental concentration such as watching TV, doing schoolwork, reading, and texting. In general physical activities that increase any symptoms and exertion are to be avoided to no longer provoke symptoms. After a period of relative rest, it is recommended that there is a gradual increase in daily activities such as screen time and light exercise has shown to lead to a quick recovery. Secondly, routine activity by gradually adding more activities that involve thinking such as doing schoolwork or assignments can improve the speed of recovery. Lastly, pain relief is used to manage side effects. It is safe to have Tylenol (Acetaminophen) instead of pain relievers such as Advil, Motrin IB and Aspirin as these increase the risk of bleeding (Mayo Clinic, 2020). | ||
| ====== Case Study - Rowan Stringer ====== | ====== Case Study - Rowan Stringer ====== | ||
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| ====== Conclusion ====== | ====== Conclusion ====== | ||
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| + | Overall, experiencing a concussion is not to be taken lightly. Rowan Stringer’s case serves as a prime example of how concussions can be life-threatening if left untreated. Most concussion cases result from sports injuries and 5 out of 10 cases can go undetected in the U.S (CDC, 2019). Physical and mental rest is vital to recovering and avoiding further brain damage. Moreover, seeking medical attention is important after experiencing a concussion to be assessed and rule out any potential damage. | ||
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| ====== References ====== | ====== References ====== | ||
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| + | Anderson, B.L.,W. J. Pomerantz, J. K. Mann, and M. A. Gittelman. (2013). “I Can't Miss the Big Game”: High School (HS) Football Players' Knowledge | ||
| + | and Attitudes about Concussions. Presented at the Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting, Washington,DC, May 6. AP(Associated Press). | ||
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| + | Asken, B. M., Sullan, M. J., Dekosky, S. T., Jaffee, M. S., & Bauer, R. M. (2017). Research Gaps and Controversies in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. JAMA Neurology, 74(10), 1255. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.2396 | ||
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| + | Belanger, H. G., Vanderploeg, R. D., Curtiss, G., & Warden, D. L. (2007). Recent Neuroimaging Techniques in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 19(1), 5–20. doi: 10.1176/jnp.2007.19.1.5 | ||
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| + | Bhandari, S. (2019, August 28). Concussion: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments, & Recovery. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/brain/concussion-traumatic-brain-injury-symptoms-causes-treatments#1 | ||
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| + | Cantu, R. C. (2007). Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy In The National Football League. Neurosurgery, 61(2), 223–225. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000255514.73967.90 | ||
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| + | Cantu, R. (2011). Second Impact Syndrome: Concussion and Second Injury Brain Complications. Yearbook of Sports Medicine, 2011, 26–28. doi: 10.1016/j.yspm.2011.03.046 | ||
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| + | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Surveillance Report of Traumatic Brain Injury-related Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths—United States, 2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. | ||
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| + | Concussion. (2020, February 22). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/concussion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355600 | ||
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| + | Gioia, G. A., Collins, M., & Isquith, P. K. (2008). Improving identification and diagnosis of mild | ||
| + | traumatic brain injury with evidence: psychometric support for the acute concussion evaluation. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 23(4), 230-242. | ||
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| + | FX, C. (2018). Diagnosing Concussion with functional NeuroCognitive Imaging. Retrieved from https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/diagnosing-concussion-with-functional-neurocognitive-imaging | ||
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| + | Hall, V. (2016). Rowan's Law: How the death of one teen is serving as a wake-up call for Canada on handling youth concussions. Retrieved from https://nationalpost.com/features/rowans-law | ||
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| + | Harmon, K. G. (1999). Assessment and management of concussion in sports. Am Fam Physician 60, 887–892, 894. | ||
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| + | Harmon, K. G., Drezner, J., Gammons, M., Guskiewicz, K., Halstead, M., Herring, S.,… Roberts, W. (2013). American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 23(1), 1–18. doi: 10.1097/jsm.0b013e31827f5f93 | ||
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| + | Healthline. (2017) Concussion. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/concussion | ||
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| + | Mckee A. C., et al. (2009). Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes: Progressive Tauopathy After Repetitive Head Injury. Journal of | ||
| + | Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, 68(7), 709–735. doi: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a9d503 | ||
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| + | Mittenberg, W., & Strauman, S. (2000). Diagnosis of Mild Head Injury and the Postconcussion Syndrome. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 15(2), 783–791. doi: 10.1097/00001199-200004000-00003 | ||
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| + | Piland, Scott & Motl, Robert & Ferrara, Michael & Peterson, Connie. (2003). Evidence for the Factorial and Construct Validity of a Self-Report Concussion Symptoms Scale. Journal of athletic training. 38. 104-112. | ||
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| + | What Is a Concussion? (2019, February 12). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/basics/concussion_whatis.html | ||
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| + | 11 Facts About Concussions. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-concussions | ||
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