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group_4_presentation_3_-_concussions [2020/03/24 15:17] baign |
group_4_presentation_3_-_concussions [2020/03/24 15:21] baign [Conclusion] |
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| ====== Prognosis ====== | ====== Prognosis ====== | ||
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| - | CTE | ||
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| - | Like Alzheimer’s, CTE is a form of tauopathy, a class of neurodegenerative diseases involving the aggregation of tau proteins in the brain. The disease is caused by repeated injuries to the head. Although the exact amount of trauma required for the condition to occur is unknown it is believed to take many years to develop (Asken et al., 2017). Most documented cases have occurred in athletes involved in contact sports such as boxing, football, and hockey (Mckee et al., 2009). | ||
| - | CTE is a progressive disease meaning the symptoms can worsen over time leading to problems like memory loss and suicidality. Those with CTE can experience a broad range of symptoms but generally they result in behavioural, mood, and cognitive problems (Asken et al., 2017). | ||
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| - | Second impact syndrome | ||
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| - | Second impact syndrome (SIS) occurs when the brain swells rapidly after a person suffers a second concussion before symptoms from an earlier one has subsided. This second blow may occur minutes, days or weeks after an initial concussion, and even the mildest concussion can lead to SIS. The condition is often fatal, and almost everyone who is not killed is severely disabled. The cause of SIS is uncertain, but it is thought that the brain's arterioles lose their ability to regulate their diameter, and therefore lose control over cerebral blood flow, causing massive cerebral edema (Cantu, 2011). | ||
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| - | Post-concussion syndrome | ||
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| - | In post-concussion syndrome, symptoms do not resolve for weeks, months, or years after a concussion, and may occasionally be permanent. The question of whether the syndrome is due to structural damage or other factors such as psychological ones, or a combination of these, has long been the subject of debate (Mittenberg & Strauman, 2000). | ||
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| - | Cumulative effects | ||
| - | The severity of concussions and their symptoms may worsen with successive injuries, even if a subsequent injury occurs months or years after an initial one (Harmon, 1999). Cumulative effects may include psychiatric disorders and loss of long-term memory. For example, the risk of developing clinical depression has been found to be significantly greater for retired football players with a history of three or more concussions than for those with no concussion history. Three or more concussions is also associated with a fivefold greater chance of developing Alzheimer's disease and a threefold greater chance of developing memory deficits (Cantu, 2007). | ||
| ===== Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) ===== | ===== Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) ===== | ||
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| ====== Statistics ====== | ====== Statistics ====== | ||
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| + | The word concussion comes from the Latin word conutere, which means “to shake violently” (Bhandari, 2019). | ||
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| + | Youth are more at risk for concussion as their brain is still developing (CDC, 2019). | ||
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| + | One can get a concussion from whiplash, not just direct contact (CDC, 2019). | ||
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| + | In 2014, falls were the leading cause of a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Falls accounted for almost half (48%) of all TBI-related emergency department visits and affected children (age 17 or younger) and older adults (age 65 and older) (CDC, 2019). | ||
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| + | Concussions occur in all sports with the highest incidence in football, hockey, rugby, soccer, and basketball (Harmon et al., 2013). | ||
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| + | 5 of 10 cases of concussions go unreported or undetected in the U.S (CDC, 2019). | ||
| ====== Treatment ====== | ====== Treatment ====== | ||
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| + | There are three main forms of treatment that are used to alleviate the side effects of concussions. The first being physical and mental rest, rest is appropriate in order for the brain to recover, both physically and mentally. Relative rest includes the limiting of activities that require thinking and mental concentration. This is heavily imposed especially the first two days after the concussion, although rest taken to extreme levels is counterproductive. This includes lying in a dark room avoiding all stimuli. It is advised in the first 48 hours that there should be a limit of activities that require high mental concentration such as watching TV, doing schoolwork, reading, and texting. In general physical activities that increase any symptoms and exertion are to be avoided to no longer provoke symptoms. After a period of relative rest, it is recommended that there is a gradual increase in daily activities such as screen time and light exercise has shown to lead to a quick recovery. Secondly, routine activity by gradually adding more activities that involve thinking such as doing schoolwork or assignments can improve the speed of recovery. Lastly, pain relief is used to manage side effects. It is safe to have Tylenol (Acetaminophen) instead of pain relievers such as Advil, Motrin IB and Aspirin as these increase the risk of bleeding (Mayo Clinic, 2020). | ||
| ====== Case Study - Rowan Stringer ====== | ====== Case Study - Rowan Stringer ====== | ||
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| ====== Conclusion ====== | ====== Conclusion ====== | ||
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| + | Overall, experiencing a concussion is not to be taken lightly. Rowan Stringer’s case serves as a prime example of how concussions can be life-threatening if left untreated. Most concussion cases result from sports injuries and 5 out of 10 cases can go undetected in the U.S (CDC, 2019). Physical and mental rest is vital to recovering and avoiding further brain damage. Moreover, seeking medical attention is important after experiencing a concussion to be assessed and rule out any potential damage. | ||
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| ====== References ====== | ====== References ====== | ||
