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| - | A **sneeze**, also known as a **sternutation**, is a sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth caused by foreign particles irritating the mucous membranes of the nose or throat. Sneezing is the body's way of clearing irritants from the nose or throat. It can be provoked by a variety of things, including allergens, microbes, nasal irritants, inhalation of corticosteroids through a nasal spray, and drug withdrawal. This page will discuss the biological and pathophysiological aspects of the sneezing, severe implications of sneeze and its treatment methods, and a case study describing the implications, symptoms, and treatments on an individual who attempted to hold his sneeze. | + | A **sneeze**, also known as a **sternutation**, is a defense mechanism for the human body to protect the airway of the respiratory system. It is a sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth caused by foreign particles irritating the mucous membranes of the nose or throat. Sneezing is the body's way of clearing irritants from the nose or throat. It can be provoked by a variety of things, including allergens, microbes, nasal irritants, inhalation of corticosteroids through a nasal spray, and drug withdrawal ("Everything You Need to Know About Sneezing", 2019). This page will discuss the biological and pathophysiological aspects of the sneezing, severe implications of sneeze and its treatment methods, and a case study describing the implications, symptoms, and treatments on an individual who attempted to hold his sneeze. |
| ====== Pathophysiology ====== | ====== Pathophysiology ====== | ||
| **Nose** | **Nose** | ||
| + | {{ :nose.jpg?600 |}} | ||
| The human body is trained to fight intruders and maintain a healthy internal system. Sneezing is a protective reflex. Foreign particles such as bacteria, dirt, dust, smoke, perfumes or other irritate the respiratory epithelium lining of the nose and trigger the immune system. A signal is sent out to release chemicals known as histamine and leukotriene (Scientific American, 2000)]. These substances are manufactured by inflammatory cells such as eosinophils and mast cells typically found within the nasal mucosa. Histamine travels to the site of irritation, in this case the nose, and binds with special receptors to produce inflammation or increased mucus production (Söldner, Horn, & Sticht, 2018). Allergic reactions with the nasal mucosa require the presence of IgE (allergy antibody specific for the allergen). This leads to fluid leakage from vessels in the nose, causing symptoms of congestion and nasal drip. | The human body is trained to fight intruders and maintain a healthy internal system. Sneezing is a protective reflex. Foreign particles such as bacteria, dirt, dust, smoke, perfumes or other irritate the respiratory epithelium lining of the nose and trigger the immune system. A signal is sent out to release chemicals known as histamine and leukotriene (Scientific American, 2000)]. These substances are manufactured by inflammatory cells such as eosinophils and mast cells typically found within the nasal mucosa. Histamine travels to the site of irritation, in this case the nose, and binds with special receptors to produce inflammation or increased mucus production (Söldner, Horn, & Sticht, 2018). Allergic reactions with the nasal mucosa require the presence of IgE (allergy antibody specific for the allergen). This leads to fluid leakage from vessels in the nose, causing symptoms of congestion and nasal drip. | ||
| **Brain** | **Brain** | ||
| - | The nerves then transmit a signal to the medulla, also known as the ‘brain’s sneeze center’, where the sneeze reflex is triggered (Seijo-Martinez, 2006). This is why when we are sleeping we are unable to sneeze, given that the neurotransmitters that are signaled to the medulla are inactive. | + | The nerves then transmit a signal to the medulla, also known as the ‘brain’s sneeze center’, where the sneeze reflex is triggered (Seijo-Martinez, 2006). This is why when we are sleeping we are unable to sneeze, given that the neurotransmitters that are signalled to the medulla are inactive. |
| **Head & Neck** | **Head & Neck** | ||
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| **Abdominal & Chest** | **Abdominal & Chest** | ||
| + | {{ ::abs.png?400 |}} | ||
| The abdominal and chest muscles are then activated, compressing the lungs to produce a blast of air (WebMD, n.d.). | The abdominal and chest muscles are then activated, compressing the lungs to produce a blast of air (WebMD, n.d.). | ||
| **Tongue & Vocal Cords** | **Tongue & Vocal Cords** | ||
| + | {{ :screenshot_185_.png?600 |}} | ||
| The high velocity of the airflow is achieved by the buildup of pressure inside the chest and with the vocal cords closed. The sudden opening of the cords allows the pressurized air to flow back up the respiratory tract to expel the irritants. This helps to remove offending particles in the nose. The back of the tongue is elevated to force the air out of the mouth and nose (WebMD, n.d.). However, in infected individuals, it also allows for the spread of the common cold, as innumerable viral particles are contained within each droplet of mucus expelled. Germs from a sneeze can travel up to 6 feet (CDC, n.d.). | The high velocity of the airflow is achieved by the buildup of pressure inside the chest and with the vocal cords closed. The sudden opening of the cords allows the pressurized air to flow back up the respiratory tract to expel the irritants. This helps to remove offending particles in the nose. The back of the tongue is elevated to force the air out of the mouth and nose (WebMD, n.d.). However, in infected individuals, it also allows for the spread of the common cold, as innumerable viral particles are contained within each droplet of mucus expelled. Germs from a sneeze can travel up to 6 feet (CDC, n.d.). | ||
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| **Eyes** | **Eyes** | ||
| + | {{ ::screenshot_187_.png?300 |}} | ||
| The split second the air is being forced out, the cranial nerves link both the eyes and the nose to the brain. Therefore, the stimulus also triggers the eyelid muscles to locked shut, making it impossible to keep eyes open while sneezing (WebMD, n.d.). | The split second the air is being forced out, the cranial nerves link both the eyes and the nose to the brain. Therefore, the stimulus also triggers the eyelid muscles to locked shut, making it impossible to keep eyes open while sneezing (WebMD, n.d.). | ||
| **Heart** | **Heart** | ||
| + | {{ ::screenshot_189_.png?500 |}} | ||
| The moment a sneeze occurs, all the pressure built up in the abdomen gets released quickly. This increases the blood flow back to the heart, raises blood pressure, and lowers the BPM all at once. | The moment a sneeze occurs, all the pressure built up in the abdomen gets released quickly. This increases the blood flow back to the heart, raises blood pressure, and lowers the BPM all at once. | ||
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| **Potential consequences:** | **Potential consequences:** | ||
| - | Can be dangerous for those with PSR when driving (going from a dim tunnel to the bright light). | + | It can be dangerous for those with PSR when driving (going from a dim tunnel to the bright light). |
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| There are three causes/risk factors commonly associated with injury: | There are three causes/risk factors commonly associated with injury: | ||
| - | - Valsalva Maneuver - When the airways are voluntary closed, and the pressure created by expiration is redirected towards soft tissue, injuries can occur. Because of the closed airway this redirected pressure becomes 20x greater than a normal sneeze (Rahiminejad et al., 2016). | + | - Valsalva Maneuver - When the airways are voluntarily closed, and the pressure created by expiration is redirected towards soft tissue, injuries can occur. Because of the closed airway, this redirected pressure becomes 20x greater than a normal sneeze (Rahiminejad et al., 2016). |
| - | - Comorbidity - Makes an individual susceptible at site of injury. Examples include trauma and infection. | + | - Comorbidity - Makes an individual susceptible at the site of injury. Examples include trauma and infection. |
| - Gender - Increased lung size and therefore pressure during expiration makes males more at risk for injury. | - Gender - Increased lung size and therefore pressure during expiration makes males more at risk for injury. | ||
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| Below are non-pharmacological treatments and ways to stop sneezing. | Below are non-pharmacological treatments and ways to stop sneezing. | ||
| - | 1) Treating allergies | + | **1) Treating allergies** |
| - | Allergy sneezes can often occur in bursts of two to three. Therefore, treating allergies is one of the appropriate methods to prevent sneezing. In order to treat allergies, one needs to identify the allergens which trigger the allergic reaction. Once identified, the person might be able to avoid the allergens and the resulting sneezing. Additionally, there are over-the-counter medications that assist with mitigating allergic symptoms, including antihistamine tablets and glucocorticosteroid nasal spray. However, in case of experiencing a more severe allergic reaction, prescription medications and allergy shots may be required to prevent or reduce the symptoms. | + | |
| - | 2) Treating photic sneezing | + | Allergy sneezes can often occur in bursts of two to three. Therefore, treating allergies is one of the appropriate methods to prevent sneezing. In order to treat allergies, one needs to identify the allergens which trigger the allergic reaction ("How to Stop Sneezing: 10 Natural Remedies", 2020) |
| - | Photic sneezing is triggered as a person looks directly at bright lights, especially to the sun. Research indicates that about one-third of individuals are triggered to sneeze by looking to the bright lights globally. People with photic sneezing can prevent multiple sneezes by simply not looking directly at bright lights such as sun and wearing sunglasses during sunny days, avoiding direct exposure to sunlight. | + | . Once identified, the person might be able to avoid the allergens and the resulting sneezing. Additionally, there are over-the-counter medications that assist with mitigating allergic symptoms, including antihistamine tablets and glucocorticosteroid nasal spray. However, in case of experiencing a more severe allergic reaction, prescription medications and allergy shots may be required to prevent or reduce the symptoms. |
| - | 3) Consuming black cardamom | + | **2) Treating photic sneezing** |
| - | There are several health benefits of consuming black cardamoms; chewing two to three times a day helps to prevent multiple continuous sneezes. Additionally, research has shown that the black cardamom oil assists with normalizing mucus flow through the respiratory tract. | + | |
| - | 4) Increasing vitamin C intake and drinking chamomile tea | + | Photic sneezing is triggered as a person looks directly at bright lights, especially to the sun. Research indicates that about one-third of individuals are triggered to sneeze by looking to the bright lights globally ("How to stop sneezing: 12 natural tips", 2020). People with photic sneezing can prevent multiple sneezes by simply not looking directly at bright lights such as sun and wearing sunglasses during sunny days, avoiding direct exposure to sunlight. |
| - | Both vitamin C and chamomile are known to have an anti-histamine effect leading to the enhancement of the immune system. Therefore, by increasing the amount of vitamin C and drinking chamomile tea, a person can prevent sneezing via the reduction of the total amount of histamine in the body. It is worth to mention that citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits stores chemicals called flavonoids, that are significant antioxidant helping in empowering immune systems and thus assisting the human body in combating with microbes causing cold and other allergies which as a result leads to various symptoms including sneezing. | + | |
| - | Pharmaceutical Treatments | + | **3) Consuming black cardamom** |
| - | Both allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and nonallergic rhinitis (vasomotor rhinitis) have similar symptoms, including chronic sneezing, congestion, and runny nose. However, there is no sign and evidence of an allergic reaction present in a person who was diagnosed with nonallergic rhinitis. Although there is little research on the exact cause of nonallergic rhinitis. Some common triggers include weather changes, environmental irritants such as dust and smog, and certain medications. | + | |
| - | Common medications to reduce allergen-induced sneezes and allergic rhinitis are: | + | There are several health benefits of consuming black cardamoms; chewing two to three times a day helps to prevent multiple continuous sneezes. Additionally, research has shown that the black cardamom oil assists with normalizing mucus flow through the respiratory tract ("How to stop sneezing: 12 natural tips", 2020). |
| + | |||
| + | **4) Increasing vitamin C intake and drinking chamomile tea** | ||
| + | |||
| + | Both vitamin C and chamomile are known to have an anti-histamine effect leading to the enhancement of the immune system. Therefore, by increasing the amount of vitamin C and drinking chamomile tea, a person can prevent sneezing via the reduction of the total amount of histamine in the body ("These natural home remedies can help you stop sneezing", 2020). It is worth to mention that citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits stores chemicals called flavonoids, that are significant antioxidant helping in empowering immune systems and thus assisting the human body in combating with microbes causing cold and other allergies which as a result leads to various symptoms including sneezing ("These natural home remedies can help you stop sneezing", 2020). | ||
| + | |||
| + | **Pharmaceutical Treatments:** | ||
| + | |||
| + | Both allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and nonallergic rhinitis (vasomotor rhinitis) have similar symptoms, including chronic sneezing, congestion, and runny nose ("Nonallergic rhinitis", 2019). However, there is no sign and evidence of an allergic reaction present in a person who was diagnosed with nonallergic rhinitis. Although there is little research on the exact cause of nonallergic rhinitis. Some common triggers include weather changes, environmental irritants such as dust and smog, and certain medications (Chang, 2018). | ||
| + | |||
| + | Common medications to reduce allergen-induced sneezes and allergic rhinitis are (Pathak, 2019): | ||
| diphenhydramine (Benadryl) | diphenhydramine (Benadryl) | ||
| Loratadine (Claritin) | Loratadine (Claritin) | ||
| Line 90: | Line 96: | ||
| These pharmaceutical treatments and medications are known as antihistamines targeting histamine, which the body significantly produces during the allergic reaction. | These pharmaceutical treatments and medications are known as antihistamines targeting histamine, which the body significantly produces during the allergic reaction. | ||
| - | Medications for non-allergic sneezes and nonallergic rhinitis include: | + | Medications for non-allergic sneezes and nonallergic rhinitis include ("Nonallergic rhinitis", 2019): |
| - | azelastine (Astelin) | + | azelastine (Astelin), |
| - | Olopatadine (Patanase) | + | Olopatadine (Patanase), and |
| - | Nasal glucocorticoids | + | Nasal glucocorticoids. |
| ====== Case Study: Holding in A Sneeze ====== | ====== Case Study: Holding in A Sneeze ====== | ||
| + | {{ :screenshot_191_.png?300|}} | ||
| A healthy 34-year-old man presented to the hospital with odynophagia (pain when he swallowed) and a change to his voice after attempting to hold in his sneeze by holding his nose and mouth shut (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). Due to the unusual nature of this condition, doctors had difficulty diagnosing the patient. Physical examination of his throat revealed that there was extreme swelling and tenderness concluding that he had ruptured the back of the throat. Doctors claimed to hear popping and crackling noises, extending from his neck to his ribcage (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). The patient had no previous history of respiratory illnesses and denied swallowing anything sharp (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). Upon admission, vital signs were taken and presented as stable with no fever. Several tests were completed hereafter. A laryngoscopy test showed normal functioning of the vocal cords. A CT taken of the neck showed streaks of air in the retropharyngeal region (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). From this, doctors concluded that the air buildup and emphysema was a result of a pharyngeal tear after holding in the sneeze. The air collection was also the reason for the popping and crackling noises heard previously. The patient was diagnosed with spontaneous perforation of the pharynx similarly seen in those with blunt neck trauma (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). | A healthy 34-year-old man presented to the hospital with odynophagia (pain when he swallowed) and a change to his voice after attempting to hold in his sneeze by holding his nose and mouth shut (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). Due to the unusual nature of this condition, doctors had difficulty diagnosing the patient. Physical examination of his throat revealed that there was extreme swelling and tenderness concluding that he had ruptured the back of the throat. Doctors claimed to hear popping and crackling noises, extending from his neck to his ribcage (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). The patient had no previous history of respiratory illnesses and denied swallowing anything sharp (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). Upon admission, vital signs were taken and presented as stable with no fever. Several tests were completed hereafter. A laryngoscopy test showed normal functioning of the vocal cords. A CT taken of the neck showed streaks of air in the retropharyngeal region (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). From this, doctors concluded that the air buildup and emphysema was a result of a pharyngeal tear after holding in the sneeze. The air collection was also the reason for the popping and crackling noises heard previously. The patient was diagnosed with spontaneous perforation of the pharynx similarly seen in those with blunt neck trauma (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). | ||
| - | + | | |
| As this was an unusual case, the patient was treated with prophylactic intravenous antibiotics until the pain and swelling had gone down. The patient was fed via a nasogastric tube. After 7 days of admission, the patient’s emphysema had decreased and the nasogastric tube was removed (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). The patient was given a soft-food diet. The patient was discharged and prescribed with advice on avoiding blocking the nose and covering the mouth when having to sneeze. After a two-month follow-up, the patient presented healthy, with no complications (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). | As this was an unusual case, the patient was treated with prophylactic intravenous antibiotics until the pain and swelling had gone down. The patient was fed via a nasogastric tube. After 7 days of admission, the patient’s emphysema had decreased and the nasogastric tube was removed (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). The patient was given a soft-food diet. The patient was discharged and prescribed with advice on avoiding blocking the nose and covering the mouth when having to sneeze. After a two-month follow-up, the patient presented healthy, with no complications (Yang, Sahota, & Das, 2018). | ||
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| ====== Presentation ====== | ====== Presentation ====== | ||
| - | |||
| [[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1NeYr9VY3Mte07KUEAX_N1hVM7J3lQT-iz5oZzaPqLws/edit?usp=sharing]] | [[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1NeYr9VY3Mte07KUEAX_N1hVM7J3lQT-iz5oZzaPqLws/edit?usp=sharing]] | ||
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| ====== References ====== | ====== References ====== | ||
| Ababneh, O. (2013). Orbital, subconjunctival, and subcutaneous emphysema after an orbital floor fracture. Clinical Ophthalmology, 1077. doi: 10.2147/opth.s44649 | Ababneh, O. (2013). Orbital, subconjunctival, and subcutaneous emphysema after an orbital floor fracture. Clinical Ophthalmology, 1077. doi: 10.2147/opth.s44649 | ||
| - | Chang, L. (2018, June 7). Nonallergic Rhinitis: Common Causes & Treatments. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/allergies/nonallergic-rhinitis#1 | ||
| - | Comacchio, F., & Mion, M. (2018). Sneezing and Perilymphatic Fistula of the Round Window: Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature. The Journal of International Advanced Otology, 106–111. doi: 10.5152/iao.2018.4336 | ||
| - | Compare Current Sneezing Drugs and Medications with Ratings & Reviews. (n.d.). Retrieved | ||
| - | from https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/condition-3174/sneezing | ||
| - | + | Amin, S. (2019). The Potential Dangers of Holding in a Sneeze . Healthline. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/holding-in-a-sneeze#can-it-cause-a-heart-attack | |
| + | |||
| + | Compare Current Sneezing Drugs and Medications with Ratings & Reviews. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/condition-3174/sneezing | ||
| + | |||
| + | Comacchio, F., & Mion, M. (2018). Sneezing and Perilymphatic Fistula of the Round Window: Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature. The Journal of International Advanced Otology, 106–111. doi: 10.5152/iao.2018.4336 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Chang, L. (2018, June 7). Nonallergic Rhinitis: Common Causes & Treatments. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/allergies/nonallergic-rhinitis#1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Do Your Part to Slow the Spread of Flu. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nonpharmaceutical-interventions/pdf/do-your-part-slow-spread-flutem5.pdf | ||
| + | |||
| + | Everything You Need to Know About Sneezing. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/sneezing | ||
| + | |||
| + | Fletcher, J. (2018, March 24). How to stop sneezing: 12 natural tips. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321305.php#12-ways-to-stop-sneezing | ||
| + | |||
| + | How to Stop Sneezing: 10 Natural Remedies. (2020). Retrieved 30 January 2020, from https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-stop-sneezing | ||
| + | |||
| + | Nonallergic rhinitis. (2019, January 23). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pathak, N. (2019, April 10). Allergy Relief: Which is Best: Antihistamines or Decongestants? Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/allergies/antihistamines-1 | ||
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| + | Roselle, H. A., & Herman, M. (2010). A hearty sneeze. The Lancet, 376(9755), 1872. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61161-0 | ||
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| + | Rahiminejad, M., Haghighi, A., Dastan, A., Abouali, O., Farid, M., & Ahmadi, G. (2016). Computer simulations of pressure and velocity fields in a human upper airway during sneezing. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 71, 115–127. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.01.022 | ||
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| + | Seijo-Martinez, M. (2006). Sneeze related area in the medulla: localisation of the human sneezing centre? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 77(4), 559–561. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.068601 | ||
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| + | Setzen, S., & Platt, M. (2019). The Dangers of Sneezing: A Review of Injuries. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy, 33(3), 331–337. doi: 10.1177/1945892418823147 | ||
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| + | Sneeze Video: What Happens to Your Body. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/allergies/allergy-education-17/video-anatomy-of-a-sneeze | ||
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| + | Söldner, C. A., Horn, A. H. C., & Sticht, H. (2018). Binding of histamine to the H1 receptor—a molecular dynamics study. Journal of Molecular Modeling, 24(12). doi:10.1007/s00894-018-3873-7 | ||
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| + | Songu, M., & Cingi, C. (2009). Sneeze reflex: facts and fiction. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, 3(3), 131–141. doi: 10.1177/1753465809340571 | ||
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| + | Why does bright light cause some people to sneeze? (2002, November 18). Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-bright-light-cau/ | ||
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| + | Why do we sneeze? (2000, April 17). Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-we-sneeze/ | ||
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| + | Yang, W., Sahota, R. S., & Das, S. (2018). Snap, crackle and pop: when sneezing leads to crackling in the neck. BMJ Case Reports. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2016-218906 | ||
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