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group_4_presentation_1_-_post-traumatic_stress_disorder [2017/10/01 23:52] tenhovj [References] |
group_4_presentation_1_-_post-traumatic_stress_disorder [2018/01/25 15:18] (current) |
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| ===== Origin & Background ===== | ===== Origin & Background ===== | ||
| - | The concept of post-traumatic stress is not a new one. War veterans returning from battle have been reporting symptoms of flashbacks, hyper-arousal, anxiety and depression, for hundreds of years (Malia, 2014). When Civil war veterans were first diagnosed, physicians referred to it as “Soldier’s Heart”, “Shell Shock” or “Combat Fatigue”. It wasn’t until 1980, that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) added Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). | + | The concept of post-traumatic stress is not a new one. War veterans returning from battle have been reporting symptoms of flashbacks, hyper-arousal, anxiety and depression, for hundreds of years (Malia, 2014). When Civil war veterans were first diagnosed, physicians referred to their symptoms as “Soldier’s Heart”, “Shell Shock” or “Combat Fatigue”. It wasn’t until 1980, that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) added Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). |
| PTSD is broadly characterized by an extreme reaction to trauma that changes how a person thinks, feels and behaves (Malia, 2014). This can present in a variety of different ways, of varying severity, and causes considerable distress to the individual, usually affecting their ability to function normally. An individual who develops PTSD hasn't necessarily gone through a traumatic event, but may experience symptoms of traumatic stress indirectly from a trauma affecting close friends or family (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, 2016). The proximity, duration and severity of trauma exposure can affect whether or not you develop symptoms. For example, you are more likely to develop symptoms if you personally experience chronic, severe trauma such as childhood abuse, rather than an individual who witnesses one-time experience, such as a robbery (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). | PTSD is broadly characterized by an extreme reaction to trauma that changes how a person thinks, feels and behaves (Malia, 2014). This can present in a variety of different ways, of varying severity, and causes considerable distress to the individual, usually affecting their ability to function normally. An individual who develops PTSD hasn't necessarily gone through a traumatic event, but may experience symptoms of traumatic stress indirectly from a trauma affecting close friends or family (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, 2016). The proximity, duration and severity of trauma exposure can affect whether or not you develop symptoms. For example, you are more likely to develop symptoms if you personally experience chronic, severe trauma such as childhood abuse, rather than an individual who witnesses one-time experience, such as a robbery (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). | ||
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| {{:ptsd.png|}} | {{:ptsd.png|}} | ||
| - | **Figure 1**: This image depicts the six main components of post-traumatic stress disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). | + | **Figure 1**: This image depicts the six main components of post-traumatic stress disorder (Sadock & Ruiz, 2015). |
| === Normal Stress Reaction === | === Normal Stress Reaction === | ||
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| {{:brainjt.png|}} | {{:brainjt.png|}} | ||
| - | **Figure 2**: This image shows how brain structures respond differently in an individual experience post-traumatic stress disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). | + | **Figure 2**: This image shows how brain structures respond differently in an individual experience post-traumatic stress disorder (Sadock & Ruiz, 2015). |
| ===== Symptoms ===== | ===== Symptoms ===== | ||
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| === Neurobiology of Serotonin === | === Neurobiology of Serotonin === | ||
| - | In the brain, specifically in the brainstem medical and dorsal raphe nuclei, serotonin cell bodies (5-HT) regulate important functions (Kelmendi et al., 2016). Some vital roles that the 5-HT regulates include sleep, motor function, cognition and aggression (Sherin & Nemeroff, 2011). Previous research indicated that 5-HT is involved in stress response in patients with PTSD since the 5-HT neurons mediate anxiety producing effects on individuals through the 5-HT2 receptors (Sherin & Nemeroff, 2011). On the other hand, the 5-HT1A receptors regulate anti-anxiety producing effects from the median raphe. The5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors have been associated with disorders including PTSD (Bailey et al., 2013). Any changes in the functional 5-HT pathway may contribute to intrusive memories and impulsivity that is associated with PTSD symptoms PTSD (Bailey et al., 2013). Furthermore, Sari identifies the 5-HT1B receptor to be associated with PTSD. In the study, when there was a reduced amount of 5-HT1B receptor in the brain, the animals showed anxiety like behaviour (Sari, 2004). | + | In the brain, specifically in the brainstem medical and dorsal raphe nuclei, serotonin cell bodies (5-HT) regulate important functions (Kelmendi et al., 2016). Some vital roles that the 5-HT regulates include sleep, motor function, cognition and aggression (Sherin & Nemeroff, 2011). Previous research indicated that 5-HT is involved in stress response in patients with PTSD since the 5-HT neurons mediate anxiety producing effects on individuals through the 5-HT2 receptors (Sherin & Nemeroff, 2011). On the other hand, the 5-HT1A receptors regulate anti-anxiety producing effects from the median raphe. The 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors have been associated with disorders including PTSD (Bailey et al., 2013). Any changes in the functional 5-HT pathway may contribute to intrusive memories and impulsivity that is associated with PTSD symptoms(Bailey et al., 2013). Furthermore, Sari identified that the 5-HT1B receptor to be associated with PTSD, when there was a reduced amount of 5-HT1B receptor, the animals showed anxiety like behaviour (Sari, 2004). |
| {{ :serotonin_melatonin_2017_.jpg?300 |}} | {{ :serotonin_melatonin_2017_.jpg?300 |}} | ||
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| {{:ptsd_association_of_canada.jpeg?200|}}{{:veterans_transition_network.png?200|}}{{:cmha_logo_.jpg?300|}}{{:camh_logo.jpg?200|}} {{:casp-blue-logo.png?100|}} | {{:ptsd_association_of_canada.jpeg?200|}}{{:veterans_transition_network.png?200|}}{{:cmha_logo_.jpg?300|}}{{:camh_logo.jpg?200|}} {{:casp-blue-logo.png?100|}} | ||
| - | These are a lot of mental health resources that are related to people struggling with PTSD. Although some of these organizations don’t specialize specifically in PTSD, there are treatments or programs that they may provide. A lot of these organizations work together as opposed to separate and different organizations may handle different illnesses depending on the community that they are located in. If some can’t find what they are looking for at one of these organizations they will have connections to others that do. These five organizations are not the only five that deal with PTSD. There are a variety of them out there, the common ones were selected that were located in Canada. | + | There are a lot of mental health resources that are related to people struggling with PTSD. Although some of these organizations don’t specialize specifically in PTSD, there are treatments or programs that they may provide. A lot of these organizations work together as opposed to separate and different organizations may handle different illnesses depending on the community that they are located in. If some can’t find what they are looking for at one of these organizations they will have connections to others that do. These five organizations are not the only five that deal with PTSD. There are a variety of them out there, the common ones were selected that were located in Canada. |
| ==Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Association of Canada (PTSDAC)== | ==Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Association of Canada (PTSDAC)== | ||
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| + | ===== PTSD Powerpoint Presentation ===== | ||
| + | {{:group_4_ptsd_slides.pptx|}} | ||
| ===== References ===== | ===== References ===== | ||
