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group_4_presentation_1_-_diabetes_mellitus [2018/09/28 20:47] markovif |
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| ===== Introduction ===== | ===== Introduction ===== | ||
| Diabetes mellitus (commonly referred to as diabetes) is a group of metabolic disorders caused by defects of insulin secretion. The prevalence of this disease has skyrocketed since the beginning of the 21st century, becoming the seventh most common global cause of death in 2016 (World Health Organization, 2018). This increase is most likely due to the lifestyle shift in North American and European countries. The domination of fast food chains and increased automation in the workplace and streets has lead to a decrease in physical activity and healthy eating habits. | Diabetes mellitus (commonly referred to as diabetes) is a group of metabolic disorders caused by defects of insulin secretion. The prevalence of this disease has skyrocketed since the beginning of the 21st century, becoming the seventh most common global cause of death in 2016 (World Health Organization, 2018). This increase is most likely due to the lifestyle shift in North American and European countries. The domination of fast food chains and increased automation in the workplace and streets has lead to a decrease in physical activity and healthy eating habits. | ||
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| There are four major categories of this disease: Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and specialized types of diabetes (Egan and Dinneen, 2014). Type 1 diabetes is caused by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells. The most common method of destruction being facilitated by the body’s inflammatory response. Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance, which is mediated by dysfunctional pancreatic β-cells. Gestational diabetes occurs when the onset of diabetes is during pregnancy. The final major category of diabetes (specialized types) encompasses a large variety of diseases that can be categorized as diabetes but have different onsets and mechanisms from the first three categories. The most common example is maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), which is an inherited form of diabetes and associated with mutations in hepatic genes (Egan and Dinneen, 2014). | There are four major categories of this disease: Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and specialized types of diabetes (Egan and Dinneen, 2014). Type 1 diabetes is caused by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells. The most common method of destruction being facilitated by the body’s inflammatory response. Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance, which is mediated by dysfunctional pancreatic β-cells. Gestational diabetes occurs when the onset of diabetes is during pregnancy. The final major category of diabetes (specialized types) encompasses a large variety of diseases that can be categorized as diabetes but have different onsets and mechanisms from the first three categories. The most common example is maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), which is an inherited form of diabetes and associated with mutations in hepatic genes (Egan and Dinneen, 2014). | ||
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| The focus of this wiki page will be on Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, where risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment methods will be discussed. | The focus of this wiki page will be on Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, where risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment methods will be discussed. | ||
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| == Management == | == Management == | ||
| - | Diabetes is a chronic disease, meaning that there is no known cure. However, there are ways to actively manage and control the disease through factors such as lifestyle choices and medication. The most frequent method of management is controlling blood sugar levels. The goal of management is to keep blood sugar within a range close to what would be considered normal, without causing low blood sugar (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008). Once diagnosed, the patient must go through significant lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, increasing activity, switching diets, insulin injections as well as oral medications in the case of type II diabetes. | + | Diabetes is a chronic disease, meaning that there is no known cure. However, there are ways to actively manage and control the disease through factors such as lifestyle choices and medication. The most frequent method of management is controlling blood sugar levels. The goal of management is to keep blood sugar within a range close to what would be considered normal, without causing low blood sugar (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008). Once diagnosed, the patient must go through significant lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, increasing activity, switching diets, insulin injections as well as oral medications in the case of type II diabetes (Haw, 2017). |
| A major part of the disease treatment is through education. Since the progress of the disease depends a lot on personal lifestyle choices, it is important that patients continue learning and actively taking part in their treatment program. | A major part of the disease treatment is through education. Since the progress of the disease depends a lot on personal lifestyle choices, it is important that patients continue learning and actively taking part in their treatment program. | ||
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| == Prevention == | == Prevention == | ||
| - | Type I diabetes has no known means of prevention, however Type II diabetes can either be prevented or delayed through healthy lifestyle choices such as exercise, healthy diets, and maintaining a healthy body weight. Decreasing sugar intake and increasing foods rich in fiber have been known to decrease risk factors. Consuming less saturated fats along with quitting smoking have also shown to decrease type II diabetes risk factors as well. | + | Type I diabetes has no known means of prevention, however Type II diabetes can either be prevented or delayed through healthy lifestyle choices such as exercise, healthy diets, and maintaining a healthy body weight. Decreasing sugar intake and increasing foods rich in fiber have been known to decrease risk factors. Consuming less saturated fats along with quitting smoking have also shown to decrease type II diabetes risk factors as well (Haw, 2017). |
| == Future Treatment == | == Future Treatment == | ||
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| ===== References ===== | ===== References ===== | ||
| - | American Diabetes Association. (2017, August 28). Diabetes Symptoms. Retrieved September 25, 2018, from http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/symptoms/ | + | American Diabetes Association. (2017). Diabetes Symptoms. Retrieved from: http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/symptoms/ |
| - | “Are You at Risk?” Canadian Diabetes Association, Canadian Diabetes Association, 1 Jan. 2018, www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/risk-factors/are-you-at-risk. | + | Are You at Risk?. (2018). Canadian Diabetes Association. Retrieved from: www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/risk-factors/are-you-at-risk. |
| - | Baynest, H. W. (2015). Classification, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism, 06(05). doi:10.4172/2155-6156.1000541 | + | Baynest W. (2015). Classification, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism, 06(05). doi:10.4172/2155-6156.1000541 |
| - | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). National diabetes statistics report, 2017. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. | + | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). National diabetes statistics report. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. |
| Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes. (2014). Diabetes Care, 38(Supplement_1), S8-S16. doi: 10.2337/dc15-s005 | Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes. (2014). Diabetes Care, 38(Supplement_1), S8-S16. doi: 10.2337/dc15-s005 | ||
| - | Dean L, McEntyre J. (2004). The Genetic Landscape of Diabetes. Retrieved April 5, 2011 from NCBI. | + | Dean L., McEntyre J. (2004). The Genetic Landscape of Diabetes. Retrieved April 5, 2011 from NCBI. |
| Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. (2009). Diabetes Care, 33(Supplement_1), S62-S69. doi: 10.2337/dc10-s062 | Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. (2009). Diabetes Care, 33(Supplement_1), S62-S69. doi: 10.2337/dc10-s062 | ||
| - | Eckel RH. Metabolic syndrome. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York, | + | Eckel RH. Metabolic syndrome. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York, New York. McGraw-Hill;2008:1509-1514. |
| - | New York. McGraw-Hill;2008:1509-1514. | + | |
| - | Egan, A. M., & Dinneen, S. F. (2014). What is diabetes?. Medicine, 42(12), 679-681. | + | Ega, M., & Dinneen F. (2014). What is diabetes?. Medicine, 42(12), 679-681. |
| - | Forouhi, N., & Wareham, N. (2014). Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine, 42(12), 698-702. doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.09.007 | + | Forouhi N., & Wareham N. (2014). Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine, 42(12), 698-702. doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.09.007 |
| - | Haw JS., Galaviz KI., Straus AN., Kowalski AJ., Magee MJ., Weber MB., Wei J., Narayan KM., Ali MK. (2017). Long-term Sustainability of Diabetes Prevention Approaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (12): 1808–1817 | + | Haw S., Galaviz I., Straus N., Kowalski J., Magee J., Weber B., Wei J., Narayan M., Ali K. (2017). Long-term Sustainability of Diabetes Prevention Approaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (12): 1808–1817 |
| McCarthy MI. (2010). Genomics, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(24), 2339-2350. | McCarthy MI. (2010). Genomics, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(24), 2339-2350. | ||
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| https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/diabetes/diabetessymptoms.php | https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/diabetes/diabetessymptoms.php | ||
| - | Mottalib A., Kasetty M., Mar JY., Elseaidy T., Ashrafzadeh S., Hamdy O. (2017). Weight Management in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity. Current Diabetes Reports. 17 (10): 92. doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0918-8 | + | Mottalib A., Kasetty M., Mar Y., Elseaidy T., Ashrafzadeh S., Hamdy O. (2017). Weight Management in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity. Current Diabetes Reports. 17 (10): 92. doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0918-8 |
| National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2008). Clinical guideline 66: Type 2 diabetes. London. | National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2008). Clinical guideline 66: Type 2 diabetes. London. | ||
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| Shechter, Y., & Shisheva, A. (1993). Vanadium salts and the future treatment of diabetes. Endeavour, 17(1), 27-31. | Shechter, Y., & Shisheva, A. (1993). Vanadium salts and the future treatment of diabetes. Endeavour, 17(1), 27-31. | ||
| - | Siddiqui, A. A., Siddiqui, S. A., Ahmad, S., Siddiqui, S., Ahsan, I., & Sahu, K. (2004). Diabetes: Mechanism, Pathophysiology and Management. International Journal of Drug | + | Siddiqui A., Siddiqui S., Ahmad S., Siddiqui S., Ahsan I., Sahu K. (2004). Diabetes: Mechanism, Pathophysiology and Management. International Journal of Drug Development and Research, 21-43. doi:10.1016/b978-012732350-3/50003-x |
| - | Development and Research, 21-43. doi:10.1016/b978-012732350-3/50003-x | + | |
| Siddiqui A., Siddiqui S., Ahmad S., Siddiqui S., Ahsan I., Sahu k. (2013). Diabetes: Mechanism, Pathophysiology and Management-A Review. Int. J. Drug Dev. & Res., 5(2): 1-23. | Siddiqui A., Siddiqui S., Ahmad S., Siddiqui S., Ahsan I., Sahu k. (2013). Diabetes: Mechanism, Pathophysiology and Management-A Review. Int. J. Drug Dev. & Res., 5(2): 1-23. | ||
| - | Symptoms & Causes of Diabetes. (2016, November 01). Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes | + | Symptoms & Causes of Diabetes. (2016). Retrieved from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/healthinformation/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes |
| TEDDY Study Group. (2008). The environmental determinants of diabetes in the young (TEDDY) study. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1150, 1-13. | TEDDY Study Group. (2008). The environmental determinants of diabetes in the young (TEDDY) study. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1150, 1-13. | ||
| - | "The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310". World Health Organization. May 24, 2018. | + | The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310. World Health Organization. May 24, 2018. |
| World Health Organization. Global report on diabetes. World Health Organization, 2016. | World Health Organization. Global report on diabetes. World Health Organization, 2016. | ||
| - | Yeung WC, Rawlinson WD, Craid ME. (2011). Enterovirus infection and type1 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ, 3, 342, d35. | + | Yeung C., Rawlinson D., Craid E. (2011). Enterovirus infection and type 1 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ, 3, 342, d35. |
