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group_3_presentation_3_-_hiv [2019/04/05 20:11] gilli1 [Future Therapeutics] |
group_3_presentation_3_-_hiv [2019/04/05 21:21] (current) gilli1 [HIV Powerpoint] |
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| =======HIV Powerpoint======= | =======HIV Powerpoint======= | ||
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| ====== Introduction ====== | ====== Introduction ====== | ||
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| The first case of AIDS was in the US in 1981, found in five gay men in Los Angeles <sup>[5]</sup>. In Canada, AIDS was first reported in 1982 <sup>[6]</sup>. Initially, HIV was associated with gay men and drug users, however, it is spread through unprotected hetereosexual intercourse in many countries. Through international travel and intercourse, HIV has spread all across the globe. HIV was first named “HIV” in 1986, and in 1987, FDA approved of the first antiretroviral therapy, zidovudine (AZT), for HIV <sup>[5]</sup>. In that same year, WHO confirmed mother-to-infant transmission for HIV and a blood test to detect for HIV was also introduced <sup>[5]</sup>. In 1994, the first oral test for HIV was introduced <sup>[5]</sup>. As of 2017, 59% of people with HIV are now on antiretroviral therapy <sup>[4]</sup>. Approximately 37 million people across the globe have HIV - of them, 9 million don’t know that they are infected <sup>[4]</sup>. HIV has killed around 35 million people globally, and 1.8 million people become newly infected by HIV in 2017 <sup>[4]</sup>. | The first case of AIDS was in the US in 1981, found in five gay men in Los Angeles <sup>[5]</sup>. In Canada, AIDS was first reported in 1982 <sup>[6]</sup>. Initially, HIV was associated with gay men and drug users, however, it is spread through unprotected hetereosexual intercourse in many countries. Through international travel and intercourse, HIV has spread all across the globe. HIV was first named “HIV” in 1986, and in 1987, FDA approved of the first antiretroviral therapy, zidovudine (AZT), for HIV <sup>[5]</sup>. In that same year, WHO confirmed mother-to-infant transmission for HIV and a blood test to detect for HIV was also introduced <sup>[5]</sup>. In 1994, the first oral test for HIV was introduced <sup>[5]</sup>. As of 2017, 59% of people with HIV are now on antiretroviral therapy <sup>[4]</sup>. Approximately 37 million people across the globe have HIV - of them, 9 million don’t know that they are infected <sup>[4]</sup>. HIV has killed around 35 million people globally, and 1.8 million people become newly infected by HIV in 2017 <sup>[4]</sup>. | ||
| ===== Causes ===== | ===== Causes ===== | ||
| - | <box 30% round right | >{{ :hiv_transmission_.png?300|}} </box| Table 1> | + | <box 27% round right | >{{ :hiv_transmission_.png?300|}} </box| Table 1> |
| - | HIV is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by unprotected sex <sup>[7]</sup> <sup>[8]</sup>. It can also be passed on to babies from their mothers before or during birth with rates ranging from 14-42% depending on various settings <sup>[7]</sup> <sup>[8]</sup> <sup>[9]</sup>. Moreover, it may also be transmitted during breastfeeding <sup>[7]</sup>. Although less common, HIV can also be transmitted by sharing needles either syringes or other injecting equipment <sup>[7]</sup>. Unlike other viruses which spread through the air, HIV is not easily passed from one person to the next <sup>[7]</sup>. Instead, for HIV transmission there needs to be fluid exchange between someone who has HIV and another person who does not have it <sup>[7]</sup>. | + | HIV is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by unprotected sex <sup>[7]</sup> <sup>[8]</sup>. It can also be passed on to babies from their mothers before or during birth with rates ranging from 14-42% depending on various settings <sup>[7]</sup> <sup>[8]</sup> <sup>[9]</sup>. Moreover, it may also be transmitted during breastfeeding <sup>[7]</sup>. Although less common, HIV can also be transmitted by sharing needles either syringes or other injecting equipment <sup>[7]</sup>. Unlike other viruses which spread through the air, HIV is not easily passed from one person to the next <sup>[7]</sup>. Instead, for HIV transmission there needs to be a fluid exchange between someone who has HIV and another person who does not have it <sup>[7]</sup>. |
| There are a few targeted ways that the virus can enter the bloodstream. Initially, the virus can enter if it is injected into the bloodstream with needles or other equipment that has been used by other people who have been infected by HIV <sup>[7]</sup>. Additionally, it can enter through the lining on or inside the anus, vagina, and/or genitals <sup>[7]</sup>. It is also possible for the virus to enter through the lining of the mouth and eyes and from cuts or sores in the skin <sup>[7]</sup>. | There are a few targeted ways that the virus can enter the bloodstream. Initially, the virus can enter if it is injected into the bloodstream with needles or other equipment that has been used by other people who have been infected by HIV <sup>[7]</sup>. Additionally, it can enter through the lining on or inside the anus, vagina, and/or genitals <sup>[7]</sup>. It is also possible for the virus to enter through the lining of the mouth and eyes and from cuts or sores in the skin <sup>[7]</sup>. | ||
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| With the current therapies, there are a few new therapeutics that are also being explored. There is the “shock-and-kill” strategy, gene therapy which is also being researched, and broadly neutralizing antibodies which have been analyzed. | With the current therapies, there are a few new therapeutics that are also being explored. There is the “shock-and-kill” strategy, gene therapy which is also being researched, and broadly neutralizing antibodies which have been analyzed. | ||
| - | Figure 4: Image showing the mechanisms of the shock and kill strategy on HIV infected cells. | + | |
| + | <box 27% round right | > {{ :shock_and_kill.png?300|}} </box| Figure 4: Image showing the mechanisms of the shock and kill strategy on HIV infected cells > | ||
| ==== Shock-and-Kill Approach ==== | ==== Shock-and-Kill Approach ==== | ||
