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group_3_presentation_3_-_hiv [2019/04/05 19:28] gilli1 [Symptoms] |
group_3_presentation_3_-_hiv [2019/04/05 21:21] (current) gilli1 [HIV Powerpoint] |
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| =======HIV Powerpoint======= | =======HIV Powerpoint======= | ||
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| ====== Introduction ====== | ====== Introduction ====== | ||
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| The first case of AIDS was in the US in 1981, found in five gay men in Los Angeles <sup>[5]</sup>. In Canada, AIDS was first reported in 1982 <sup>[6]</sup>. Initially, HIV was associated with gay men and drug users, however, it is spread through unprotected hetereosexual intercourse in many countries. Through international travel and intercourse, HIV has spread all across the globe. HIV was first named “HIV” in 1986, and in 1987, FDA approved of the first antiretroviral therapy, zidovudine (AZT), for HIV <sup>[5]</sup>. In that same year, WHO confirmed mother-to-infant transmission for HIV and a blood test to detect for HIV was also introduced <sup>[5]</sup>. In 1994, the first oral test for HIV was introduced <sup>[5]</sup>. As of 2017, 59% of people with HIV are now on antiretroviral therapy <sup>[4]</sup>. Approximately 37 million people across the globe have HIV - of them, 9 million don’t know that they are infected <sup>[4]</sup>. HIV has killed around 35 million people globally, and 1.8 million people become newly infected by HIV in 2017 <sup>[4]</sup>. | The first case of AIDS was in the US in 1981, found in five gay men in Los Angeles <sup>[5]</sup>. In Canada, AIDS was first reported in 1982 <sup>[6]</sup>. Initially, HIV was associated with gay men and drug users, however, it is spread through unprotected hetereosexual intercourse in many countries. Through international travel and intercourse, HIV has spread all across the globe. HIV was first named “HIV” in 1986, and in 1987, FDA approved of the first antiretroviral therapy, zidovudine (AZT), for HIV <sup>[5]</sup>. In that same year, WHO confirmed mother-to-infant transmission for HIV and a blood test to detect for HIV was also introduced <sup>[5]</sup>. In 1994, the first oral test for HIV was introduced <sup>[5]</sup>. As of 2017, 59% of people with HIV are now on antiretroviral therapy <sup>[4]</sup>. Approximately 37 million people across the globe have HIV - of them, 9 million don’t know that they are infected <sup>[4]</sup>. HIV has killed around 35 million people globally, and 1.8 million people become newly infected by HIV in 2017 <sup>[4]</sup>. | ||
| ===== Causes ===== | ===== Causes ===== | ||
| - | <box 30% round right | >{{ :hiv_transmission_.png?300|}} </box| Table 1> | + | <box 27% round right | >{{ :hiv_transmission_.png?300|}} </box| Table 1> |
| - | HIV is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by unprotected sex <sup>[7]</sup> <sup>[8]</sup>. It can also be passed on to babies from their mothers before or during birth with rates ranging from 14-42% depending on various settings <sup>[7]</sup> <sup>[8]</sup> <sup>[9]</sup>. Moreover, it may also be transmitted during breastfeeding <sup>[7]</sup>. Although less common, HIV can also be transmitted by sharing needles either syringes or other injecting equipment <sup>[7]</sup>. Unlike other viruses which spread through the air, HIV is not easily passed from one person to the next <sup>[7]</sup>. Instead, for HIV transmission there needs to be fluid exchange between someone who has HIV and another person who does not have it <sup>[7]</sup>. | + | HIV is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by unprotected sex <sup>[7]</sup> <sup>[8]</sup>. It can also be passed on to babies from their mothers before or during birth with rates ranging from 14-42% depending on various settings <sup>[7]</sup> <sup>[8]</sup> <sup>[9]</sup>. Moreover, it may also be transmitted during breastfeeding <sup>[7]</sup>. Although less common, HIV can also be transmitted by sharing needles either syringes or other injecting equipment <sup>[7]</sup>. Unlike other viruses which spread through the air, HIV is not easily passed from one person to the next <sup>[7]</sup>. Instead, for HIV transmission there needs to be a fluid exchange between someone who has HIV and another person who does not have it <sup>[7]</sup>. |
| There are a few targeted ways that the virus can enter the bloodstream. Initially, the virus can enter if it is injected into the bloodstream with needles or other equipment that has been used by other people who have been infected by HIV <sup>[7]</sup>. Additionally, it can enter through the lining on or inside the anus, vagina, and/or genitals <sup>[7]</sup>. It is also possible for the virus to enter through the lining of the mouth and eyes and from cuts or sores in the skin <sup>[7]</sup>. | There are a few targeted ways that the virus can enter the bloodstream. Initially, the virus can enter if it is injected into the bloodstream with needles or other equipment that has been used by other people who have been infected by HIV <sup>[7]</sup>. Additionally, it can enter through the lining on or inside the anus, vagina, and/or genitals <sup>[7]</sup>. It is also possible for the virus to enter through the lining of the mouth and eyes and from cuts or sores in the skin <sup>[7]</sup>. | ||
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| Most people infected by HIV develop flu-like symptoms within a month or two after the virus enters the body <sup>[15]</sup>. This is known as primary or acute HIV infection, which can last for a few weeks. Possible signs and symptoms include: | Most people infected by HIV develop flu-like symptoms within a month or two after the virus enters the body <sup>[15]</sup>. This is known as primary or acute HIV infection, which can last for a few weeks. Possible signs and symptoms include: | ||
| - | Fever | + | * Fever |
| - | Headache | + | * Headache |
| - | Nausea and Vomiting | + | * Nausea and Vomiting |
| - | Aching muscles | + | * Aching muscles |
| - | Sore throat and painful mouth sores | + | * Sore throat and painful mouth sores |
| - | Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck | + | * Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck |
| These symptoms can be so mild that you might not even notice them. However, the amount of virus in your bloodstream is quite high at this time <sup>[15]</sup>. As a result, the infection spreads more easily during primary infection than during the next stage. | These symptoms can be so mild that you might not even notice them. However, the amount of virus in your bloodstream is quite high at this time <sup>[15]</sup>. As a result, the infection spreads more easily during primary infection than during the next stage. | ||
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| As the virus continues to multiply and destroy immune cells, the cells in your body that help fight off germs may develop mild infections or chronic signs and symptoms such as: | As the virus continues to multiply and destroy immune cells, the cells in your body that help fight off germs may develop mild infections or chronic signs and symptoms such as: | ||
| - | Fever | + | * Fever |
| - | Fatigue | + | * Fatigue |
| - | Swollen lymph nodes | + | * Swollen lymph nodes |
| - | Diarrhea | + | * Diarrhea |
| - | Weight loss | + | * Weight loss |
| - | Oral yeast infection | + | * Oral yeast infection |
| - | Shingles | + | * Shingles |
| ===== Diagnosis ===== | ===== Diagnosis ===== | ||
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| === Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) === | === Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) === | ||
| Enzyme immunoassay is a common immunological technique that has been adapted for the detection of HIV antibodies. EIAs have a high sensitivity and specificity and are able to detect all subtypes of HIV <sup>[17]</sup>. EIAs screen large numbers of specimens (about 90 or more at a time). An EIA procedure takes around two hours, hence some large-scale labs are able to report the EIA results the same day. EIAs require sophisticated equipment, and are technically demanding; automatic pipettes, incubators, washers, readers and constant electricity supply must be available. The validity of the test results depends on the skills of technicians, who prepare the necessary reagents and operate the equipment <sup>[17]</sup>. | Enzyme immunoassay is a common immunological technique that has been adapted for the detection of HIV antibodies. EIAs have a high sensitivity and specificity and are able to detect all subtypes of HIV <sup>[17]</sup>. EIAs screen large numbers of specimens (about 90 or more at a time). An EIA procedure takes around two hours, hence some large-scale labs are able to report the EIA results the same day. EIAs require sophisticated equipment, and are technically demanding; automatic pipettes, incubators, washers, readers and constant electricity supply must be available. The validity of the test results depends on the skills of technicians, who prepare the necessary reagents and operate the equipment <sup>[17]</sup>. | ||
| - | <box 30% round right | > {{ :western_blot.png?300|}} </box| Figure 4: Image displaying the various steps in a Western Blotting (WB) test.> | + | <box 30% round right | > {{ :western_blot.png?300|}} </box| Figure 3: Image displaying the various steps in a Western Blotting (WB) test.> |
| === Rapid Test Devices === | === Rapid Test Devices === | ||
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| ===== Future Therapeutics ===== | ===== Future Therapeutics ===== | ||
| - | With the current therapies there are a few new therapeutics that are also being explored. There is the “shock-and-kill” strategy, gene therapy which is also being researched, and broadly neutralizing antibodies which have been analyzed. | + | With the current therapies, there are a few new therapeutics that are also being explored. There is the “shock-and-kill” strategy, gene therapy which is also being researched, and broadly neutralizing antibodies which have been analyzed. |
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| + | <box 27% round right | > {{ :shock_and_kill.png?300|}} </box| Figure 4: Image showing the mechanisms of the shock and kill strategy on HIV infected cells > | ||
| ==== Shock-and-Kill Approach ==== | ==== Shock-and-Kill Approach ==== | ||
