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group_3_presentation_2_-_lysergic_acid_diethylamide_lsd [2017/11/03 23:10] rajendaa [Social, Economic, and Cultural Implications] |
group_3_presentation_2_-_lysergic_acid_diethylamide_lsd [2018/01/25 15:18] (current) |
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| ====== History ====== | ====== History ====== | ||
| - | The history of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) begins in 1938 in a Sandoz (pharmaceutical research company) research laboratory in Basel, Switzerland (“History of LSD”, n.d.; Schroder, 2014). Albert Hofmann was a 32-year-old recent University of Zurich graduate interested in discovering the properties and applications of the fungus ergot, which grows on rye (Schroder, 2014). Under the leadership of professor Arthur Stoll, Hofmann explains that he isolated alkaloids from ergot, which is the base of lysergic acid, and combined it with amines in peptide linkage (as cited in Ayd and Blackwell, 1971, n.p.). Using this new procedure, various lysergic acid amides were developed (as cited in Ayd and Blackwell, 1971, n.p.). One among them was lysergic acid diethylamide, which was created by combined the ammonia derivative diethylamide with lysergic acid (Schroder, 2014). This was, “given the laboratory code name LSD-25 because it was the twenty-fifth compound of the lysergic acid amide series” (as quoted in Ayd and Blackwell, 1971, n.p.). | + | The history of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) begins in 1938 in a Sandoz (pharmaceutical research company) research laboratory in Basel, Switzerland (“History of LSD”, n.d.; Schroder, 2014). Albert Hofmann was a 32-year-old recent University of Zurich graduate interested in discovering the properties and applications of the fungus ergot, which grows on rye (Schroder, 2014). Under the leadership of professor Arthur Stoll, Hofmann explains that he isolated alkaloids from ergot, which is the base of lysergic acid, and combined it with amines in peptide linkage (as cited in Ayd and Blackwell, 1971, n.p.). Using this new procedure, various lysergic acid amides were developed (as cited in Ayd and Blackwell, 1971, n.p.). One among them was lysergic acid diethylamide, which was created by combined the ammonia derivative diethylamide with lysergic acid (Schroder, 2014). Hofmann writes that this was, “given the laboratory code name LSD-25 because it was the twenty-fifth compound of the lysergic acid amide series” (as quoted in Ayd and Blackwell, 1971, n.p.). |
| However, Hofmann’s hopes that LSD-25 could have clinical relevance in manipulating the human circulation and respiration systems were unfounded as the only effect it had on animals when tested was that it caused stimulation (Schroder, 2014). Nevertheless, five years after his initial synthesis, Hofmann felt compelled to resynthesize the compound. While he was nearing the completion of his synthesis, he began to feel unusual and was forced to retire home. Upon his return to the laboratory, Hofmann remarked, “At home I lay down and sank into a not unpleasant intoxicated-like condition, characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination…perceived an uninterrupted steam of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors” (as quoted in Schroder, 2014, n.p.). Thus, this was the first instance of a human experiencing the effects of LSD, albeit accidently, as Hofmann surmised he must have ingested the drug unintentionally while working on it. Having gotten a taste for the effects of LSD, quite literally, Hofmann proceeded to intentionally consume 250 micrograms of LSD and bicycled home with his lab assistant. It was at this pivotal moment that he began to realize the potency of the drug he had created for he began to have fantastic psychological hallucinations accompanied by physical symptoms of confusion (Schroder, 2014). This day is now celebrated as ‘Bicycle Day’ by LSD users (“History of LSD”, n.d.). | However, Hofmann’s hopes that LSD-25 could have clinical relevance in manipulating the human circulation and respiration systems were unfounded as the only effect it had on animals when tested was that it caused stimulation (Schroder, 2014). Nevertheless, five years after his initial synthesis, Hofmann felt compelled to resynthesize the compound. While he was nearing the completion of his synthesis, he began to feel unusual and was forced to retire home. Upon his return to the laboratory, Hofmann remarked, “At home I lay down and sank into a not unpleasant intoxicated-like condition, characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination…perceived an uninterrupted steam of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors” (as quoted in Schroder, 2014, n.p.). Thus, this was the first instance of a human experiencing the effects of LSD, albeit accidently, as Hofmann surmised he must have ingested the drug unintentionally while working on it. Having gotten a taste for the effects of LSD, quite literally, Hofmann proceeded to intentionally consume 250 micrograms of LSD and bicycled home with his lab assistant. It was at this pivotal moment that he began to realize the potency of the drug he had created for he began to have fantastic psychological hallucinations accompanied by physical symptoms of confusion (Schroder, 2014). This day is now celebrated as ‘Bicycle Day’ by LSD users (“History of LSD”, n.d.). | ||
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| Finally, there is an interesting historical connection between LSD and Canada. Psychiatric research on the effects of LSD on the mind was an aspect of LSD research during the late 1900s (Dyck, 2005). Ewen Cameron of the Allen Memorial Institute conducted research bankrolled by the CIA in Montreal, Quebec. Apart from Cameron, two other Canadian researchers conducted several experiments on the uses of LSD. One was Humphry Osmond of Weyburn, Saskatchewan and the other was Abram Hoffer of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. They were both interested in investigating the effects LSD had on an individual in creating a psychotic condition used to study schizophrenia. However, due to the increasingly controversial image that LSD had in the public, the government criminalized the drug making their research unsuccessful (Dyck, 2005). | Finally, there is an interesting historical connection between LSD and Canada. Psychiatric research on the effects of LSD on the mind was an aspect of LSD research during the late 1900s (Dyck, 2005). Ewen Cameron of the Allen Memorial Institute conducted research bankrolled by the CIA in Montreal, Quebec. Apart from Cameron, two other Canadian researchers conducted several experiments on the uses of LSD. One was Humphry Osmond of Weyburn, Saskatchewan and the other was Abram Hoffer of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. They were both interested in investigating the effects LSD had on an individual in creating a psychotic condition used to study schizophrenia. However, due to the increasingly controversial image that LSD had in the public, the government criminalized the drug making their research unsuccessful (Dyck, 2005). | ||
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| ====== Famous LSD Users ====== | ====== Famous LSD Users ====== | ||
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| Aghajanian, G. K., & Marek, G. J. (1999). Serotonin, via 5-HT2A receptors, increases EPSCs in layer V pyramidal cells of prefrontal cortex by an asynchronous mode of glutamate release. //Brain Research, 825(1–2)//, 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993 | Aghajanian, G. K., & Marek, G. J. (1999). Serotonin, via 5-HT2A receptors, increases EPSCs in layer V pyramidal cells of prefrontal cortex by an asynchronous mode of glutamate release. //Brain Research, 825(1–2)//, 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993 | ||
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| + | Ayd, F. J., & Blackwell, B. (1970). Discoveries in biological psychiatry. | ||
| Blachford, S. L., & Krapp, K. (2010). //LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for Students//. Detroit, MI, USA: Gale. | Blachford, S. L., & Krapp, K. (2010). //LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for Students//. Detroit, MI, USA: Gale. | ||
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| Dobkin de Rios M., & Janiger O. (2003). //LSD, Spirituality and the Creative Process.// Rochester, NY, USA: Park Street Press. | Dobkin de Rios M., & Janiger O. (2003). //LSD, Spirituality and the Creative Process.// Rochester, NY, USA: Park Street Press. | ||
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| + | Dyck, E. (2005). Flashback: psychiatric experimentation with LSD in historical perspective. //The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry//, 50(7), 381-388. | ||
| Gasser, P., Holstein, D., Michel, Y., Doblin, R., Yazar-Klosinski, B., Passie, T., . . . Brenneisen, R. (2014). Safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with life-threatening diseases. //The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202(7)//, 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000113 | Gasser, P., Holstein, D., Michel, Y., Doblin, R., Yazar-Klosinski, B., Passie, T., . . . Brenneisen, R. (2014). Safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with life-threatening diseases. //The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202(7)//, 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000113 | ||
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| Grob C. (2002). Conversation with Albert Hofmann. In Grob C (Ed.), //Hallucinogens: A Reader// (pp. 15–22). New York, NY, USA: Tarcher/Putnam. | Grob C. (2002). Conversation with Albert Hofmann. In Grob C (Ed.), //Hallucinogens: A Reader// (pp. 15–22). New York, NY, USA: Tarcher/Putnam. | ||
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| + | Hermann, E. (2016). //What You Should Know About Quitting LSD//. Retrieved from https://www.recovery.org/topics/quitting-lsd/ | ||
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| + | International Narcotics Control Board (2013). Economic Consequences of Drug Abuse. International Narcotics Control Board, pp.1-4. | ||
| Kast, E. C., & Collins, V. J. (1964). Study of lysergic acid diethylamide as an alangestic agent. //Anesthesia and Analgesia, 43//, 285–291. Retrieved from https://insights.ovid.com/pubmed?pmid=14169837 | Kast, E. C., & Collins, V. J. (1964). Study of lysergic acid diethylamide as an alangestic agent. //Anesthesia and Analgesia, 43//, 285–291. Retrieved from https://insights.ovid.com/pubmed?pmid=14169837 | ||
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| Passie, T., Halpern, J. H., Stichtenoth, D. O., Emrich, H. M., & Hintzen, A. (2008). The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: a review. //CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 14(4)//, 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x | Passie, T., Halpern, J. H., Stichtenoth, D. O., Emrich, H. M., & Hintzen, A. (2008). The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: a review. //CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 14(4)//, 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x | ||
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