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| ====== Malaria ====== | ====== Malaria ====== | ||
| - | Malaria and malaria-causing parasites have been known to mankind for thousands of years. Around 7,000-12,000 years ago the increasing temperatures in Africa caused a rise in humidity, thus creating many new water bodies and allowing for agricultural development in the Middle East and North East Africa to occur [11]. This led to the formulation of a favourable climate and area for breeding and transmission of malaria parasites and its carrier, the mosquito. | + | Malaria and malaria-causing parasites have been known to mankind for thousands of years. Around 7,000-12,000 years ago the increasing temperatures in Africa caused a rise in humidity, thus creating many new water bodies and allowing for agricultural development in the Middle East and North East Africa to occur (Srinivas, 2016). This led to the formulation of a favourable climate and area for breeding and transmission of malaria parasites and its carrier, the mosquito. |
| PowerPoint Presentation: {{:malaria_-_final_.pdf|}} | PowerPoint Presentation: {{:malaria_-_final_.pdf|}} | ||
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| ==== Discovery of the Malaria Parasite (1880) ==== | ==== Discovery of the Malaria Parasite (1880) ==== | ||
| - | Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, a French army surgeon stationed in Constantine, Algeria, was the first to notice parasites in the blood of a patient suffering from malaria. This occurred on the 6th of November 1880. For his discovery, Laveran was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1907 [7]. | + | Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, a French army surgeon stationed in Constantine, Algeria, was the first to notice parasites in the blood of a patient suffering from malaria. This occurred on the 6th of November 1880. For his discovery, Laveran was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1907 (Lambert, 2016). |
| ==== Differentiation of Species of Malaria (1886) ==== | ==== Differentiation of Species of Malaria (1886) ==== | ||
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| - | Camillo Golgi, an Italian neurophysiologist, established that there were at least two forms of the disease, one with tertian periodicity (fever every other day) and one with quartan periodicity (fever every third day). He also observed that the forms produced differing numbers of merozoites (new parasites) upon maturity and that fever coincided with the rupture and release of merozoites into the blood stream. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discoveries in neurophysiology in 1906 [5]. | + | Camillo Golgi, an Italian neurophysiologist, established that there were at least two forms of the disease, one with tertian periodicity (fever every other day) and one with quartan periodicity (fever every third day). He also observed that the forms produced differing numbers of merozoites (new parasites) upon maturity and that fever coincided with the rupture and release of merozoites into the blood stream. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discoveries in neurophysiology in 1906 (Fagan, 2016). |
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| - | The Italian investigators Giovanni Batista Grassi and Raimondo Filetti first introduced the names Plasmodium vivax and P. malariae for two of the malaria parasites that affect humans in 1890 [9]. Laveran had believed that there was only one species, Oscillaria malariae. An American, William H. Welch, reviewed the subject and, in 1897, he named the malignant tertian malaria parasite P. falciparum. | + | The Italian investigators Giovanni Batista Grassi and Raimondo Filetti first introduced the names Plasmodium vivax and P. malariae for two of the malaria parasites that affect humans in 1890 (Mandal, 2016). Laveran had believed that there was only one species, Oscillaria malariae. An American, William H. Welch, reviewed the subject and, in 1897, he named the malignant tertian malaria parasite P. falciparum. |
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| - | On August 20th, 1897, Ronald Ross, a British officer in the Indian Medical Service, was the first to demonstrate that malaria parasites could be transmitted from infected patients to mosquitoes [7]. For his discovery, Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902. | + | On August 20th, 1897, Ronald Ross, a British officer in the Indian Medical Service, was the first to demonstrate that malaria parasites could be transmitted from infected patients to mosquitoes (Lambert, 2016). For his discovery, Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902. |
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| {{:life_cycle_malaria.jpg|}} | {{:life_cycle_malaria.jpg|}} | ||
| - | Figure 2: Life cycle of P.falciparum parasite. Retrieved from "The cellular and molecular basis for malaria | + | //Figure 2: Life cycle of P.falciparum parasite. Retrieved from "The cellular and molecular basis for malaria |
| parasite invasion of the human red blood cell", Cowman A.F, Berry D, Baum J, 2012, //The Journal of Cell Biology//, //198//, p. 962. www.jcb.org/cgi/doi/10.1083/jcb.201206112 | parasite invasion of the human red blood cell", Cowman A.F, Berry D, Baum J, 2012, //The Journal of Cell Biology//, //198//, p. 962. www.jcb.org/cgi/doi/10.1083/jcb.201206112 | ||
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| ==== Stages ==== | ==== Stages ==== | ||
| - | There are three stages of a malarial infection: the initial cold stage, where the person feels cold and shivers; the following hot stage where the person develops a fever and may experience vomiting; and the final sweating stage, where the body temperature returns to normal and the individual experiences extreme tiredness. This entire experience lasts anywhere from 6 to 10 hours (“Malaria, 2015), which makes it very difficult to isolate the symptoms as a result of a malarial infection. If the infection is not treated within 24 hours, the person is at risk of their infection progressing to a severe stage, which could resul</style>t in death (“Malaria”, 2016). | + | There are three stages of a malarial infection: the initial cold stage, where the person feels cold and shivers; the following hot stage where the person develops a fever and may experience vomiting; and the final sweating stage, where the body temperature returns to normal and the individual experiences extreme tiredness. This entire experience lasts anywhere from 6 to 10 hours (“Malaria, 2015), which makes it very difficult to isolate the symptoms as a result of a malarial infection. If the infection is not treated within 24 hours, the person is at risk of their infection progressing to a severe stage, which could result in death (“Malaria”, 2016). |
| ==== Severe Malaria ==== | ==== Severe Malaria ==== | ||
