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| ===== Introduction ===== | ===== Introduction ===== | ||
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| In a matter of 2 years, AIDS became a pandemic. This was largely due to the fact that research funding was compromised due to the prejudice surrounding gay men at the time. This halt in research gave the virus time to spread across the world, such as Africa, Europe, and Asia. More importantly, the disease was found to be prevalent in both sexes, which contradicted the initial theory that gay interactions lead to the disease, and so it was re-labelled to AIDS. Unfortunately, AIDS became the leading cause of death in people aged 25-44, however, this statistic accelerated research surrounding the disease (Holland, 2013) | In a matter of 2 years, AIDS became a pandemic. This was largely due to the fact that research funding was compromised due to the prejudice surrounding gay men at the time. This halt in research gave the virus time to spread across the world, such as Africa, Europe, and Asia. More importantly, the disease was found to be prevalent in both sexes, which contradicted the initial theory that gay interactions lead to the disease, and so it was re-labelled to AIDS. Unfortunately, AIDS became the leading cause of death in people aged 25-44, however, this statistic accelerated research surrounding the disease (Holland, 2013) | ||
| - | Since finding a cure to AIDS was incredibly difficult, the goal was shifted to AIDS prevention. In 1984, the first method of prevention was established based on the finding that AIDS was primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse associated with mucosal membrane abrasions, and blood transfusions. Thus, prevention methods included the promotion of safe sex (especially the use of condoms), testing blood in blood banks, and giving clean needles to drug users (“A Timeline of HIV/AIDS”, n.d). | + | Since finding a cure to AIDS was incredibly difficult, the goal was shifted to AIDS prevention. In 1984, the first method of prevention was established based on the finding that AIDS was primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse associated with mucosal membrane abrasions, and blood transfusions. Thus, prevention methods included the promotion of safe sex (especially through the use of condoms), testing blood in blood banks, and giving clean needles to drug users (“A Timeline of HIV/AIDS”, n.d). |
| By the late 1980s, HIV was officially labelled as a retrovirus that causes AIDS. As research surrounding the properties of retrovirus continued, the first anti-retroviral drugs were created and administered. One of these drugs was called zidovudine, or AZT. This prevented AIDS progression, rather than providing a cure (Holland, 2013). | By the late 1980s, HIV was officially labelled as a retrovirus that causes AIDS. As research surrounding the properties of retrovirus continued, the first anti-retroviral drugs were created and administered. One of these drugs was called zidovudine, or AZT. This prevented AIDS progression, rather than providing a cure (Holland, 2013). | ||
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| - | National surveillance systems in Canada and the United states have been used to observe the trends in AIDS and HIV. In 2005 AIDS diagnosis rates in the United states were substantially higher in blacks, followed by hispanics and then caucasians. In Canada, the AID diagnosis were higher for aboriginal peoples, then blacks, and substantially lower for caucasians. In both countries the trend was seen that HIV diagnosis increased for men who were having sex with men, and in general men were diagnosed at substantially higher rates than women. The age group with the highest rate of diagnosis was 30-39. In Canada, the rates peaked in 1984-1985, which is associated largely with the male homosexual population increase. After 1985, a steady decrease is seen until the early 1990s which was followed by another peak during 1996 and 1997. This peak can be linked back to the high infection rates among the injection drug users population. Incident infections may have increased somewhat since the late 1990s, but there is a great deal of uncertainty associated with recent incidence estimates and if present, this increase is much less than that seen in the early 1980s. At any rate, it can be stated with more certainty that diagnosis rates have not decreased in recent years. There is a need for prevention efforts in order to reduce the diagnosis rates, especially in ethnic minorities, as well as men who have sex with men. | + | National surveillance systems in Canada and the United states have been used to observe the trends in AIDS and HIV. In 2005 AIDS diagnosis rates in the United states were substantially higher in blacks, followed by hispanics and then caucasians. In Canada, the AID diagnosis were higher for aboriginal peoples, then blacks, and substantially lower for caucasians. In both countries the trend was seen that HIV diagnosis increased for men who were having sex with men, and in general men were diagnosed at substantially higher rates than women. The age group with the highest rate of diagnosis was 30-39. In Canada, the rates peaked in 1984-1985, which is associated largely with the male homosexual population increase. After 1985, a steady decrease is seen until the early 1990s which was followed by another peak during 1996 and 1997. This peak can be linked back to the high infection rates among the injection drug users population. Incident infections may have increased somewhat since the late 1990s, but there is a great deal of uncertainty associated with recent incidence estimates and if present, this increase is much less than that seen in the early 1980s. At any rate, it can be stated with more certainty that diagnosis rates have not decreased in recent years. There is a need for prevention efforts in order to reduce the diagnosis rates, especially in ethnic minorities, as well as men who have sex with men. (Hall, 2009) |
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| * AidsInfo. N.d. HIV Life Cycle. Retrieved from: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/19/45/hiv-aids--the-basics | * AidsInfo. N.d. HIV Life Cycle. Retrieved from: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/19/45/hiv-aids--the-basics | ||
| * Berger, E., Garrett, L., MacGregor, R. R., Vonmuller, E., Weiner, D. 2016. HIV and AIDS. Annenberg Learner. 91-106. | * Berger, E., Garrett, L., MacGregor, R. R., Vonmuller, E., Weiner, D. 2016. HIV and AIDS. Annenberg Learner. 91-106. | ||
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| * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). HIV/AIDS Testing. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/testing.html | * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). HIV/AIDS Testing. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/testing.html | ||
