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group_2_presentation_2_-_human_immunodeficiency_virus_acquired_immunodeficiency_syndrome_hiv_aids [2016/11/04 01:38] swarupv |
group_2_presentation_2_-_human_immunodeficiency_virus_acquired_immunodeficiency_syndrome_hiv_aids [2018/01/25 15:18] (current) |
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| ===== Introduction ===== | ===== Introduction ===== | ||
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| In 1981, AIDS first broke out in the US amongst gay men in New York and San Francisco. They were initially classified as having a mysterious pneumonia-like disease that presented with a rare from of skin cancer, thrush, and other characteristic symptoms. Since this was highly prevalent in gay men, the name for this disease was called GRID, or Gay-related Immune Deficiency (Holland, 2013). | In 1981, AIDS first broke out in the US amongst gay men in New York and San Francisco. They were initially classified as having a mysterious pneumonia-like disease that presented with a rare from of skin cancer, thrush, and other characteristic symptoms. Since this was highly prevalent in gay men, the name for this disease was called GRID, or Gay-related Immune Deficiency (Holland, 2013). | ||
| - | In a matter of 2 years, AIDS became a pandemic. This was largely due to the fact that funding regarding research pertaining to gay men, a group that was highly discriminated against at the time, was difficult to attain. This halt in research gave the virus time to spread across the world, such as Africa, Europe, and Asia. More importantly, the disease was found to be prevalent in both sexes, which contradicted the initial theory that gay interactions lead to the disease, and so it was re-labelled to AIDS. Unfortunately, AIDS became the leading cause of death in people aged 25-44, however, this statistic accelerated research surrounding the disease (Holland, 2013) | + | In a matter of 2 years, AIDS became a pandemic. This was largely due to the fact that research funding was compromised due to the prejudice surrounding gay men at the time. This halt in research gave the virus time to spread across the world, such as Africa, Europe, and Asia. More importantly, the disease was found to be prevalent in both sexes, which contradicted the initial theory that gay interactions lead to the disease, and so it was re-labelled to AIDS. Unfortunately, AIDS became the leading cause of death in people aged 25-44, however, this statistic accelerated research surrounding the disease (Holland, 2013) |
| - | Since finding a cure to AIDS was incredibly difficult, the goal was shifted to AIDS prevention. In 1984, the first method of prevention was established based on the finding that AIDS was transmitted through mucosal membranes, and blood transfusions. This included safe sex (especially the use of condoms), testing blood in blood banks, and giving clean needles to drug users (“A Timeline of HIV/AIDS”, n.d). | + | Since finding a cure to AIDS was incredibly difficult, the goal was shifted to AIDS prevention. In 1984, the first method of prevention was established based on the finding that AIDS was primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse associated with mucosal membrane abrasions, and blood transfusions. Thus, prevention methods included the promotion of safe sex (especially through the use of condoms), testing blood in blood banks, and giving clean needles to drug users (“A Timeline of HIV/AIDS”, n.d). |
| - | By the late 1980s, HIV was officially labelled as a retrovirus that causes AIDS. After this, anti-retroviral drugs were created and administered. One of these drugs was called zidovudine, or AZT. This prevented AIDS progression, rather than providing a cure (Holland, 2013). | + | By the late 1980s, HIV was officially labelled as a retrovirus that causes AIDS. As research surrounding the properties of retrovirus continued, the first anti-retroviral drugs were created and administered. One of these drugs was called zidovudine, or AZT. This prevented AIDS progression, rather than providing a cure (Holland, 2013). |
| However, despite advances in AIDS therapy, the majority of people suffering from AIDS did not have proper health care or access to treatment. The region with the highest prevalence of AIDS was in Sub-Saharan Africa. By 1999, around 33 million people, including women, children and men, were living with HIV. Since the first reported case of AIDS in the 1980s, around 14 million people had died ("Global HIV/AIDS Overview", 2016). | However, despite advances in AIDS therapy, the majority of people suffering from AIDS did not have proper health care or access to treatment. The region with the highest prevalence of AIDS was in Sub-Saharan Africa. By 1999, around 33 million people, including women, children and men, were living with HIV. Since the first reported case of AIDS in the 1980s, around 14 million people had died ("Global HIV/AIDS Overview", 2016). | ||
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| - | National surveillance systems in Canada and the United states have been used to observe the trends in AIDS and HIV. In 2005 AIDS diagnosis rates in the United states were substantially higher in blacks, followed by hispanics and then caucasians. In Canada, the AID diagnosis were higher for aboriginal peoples, then blacks, and substantially lower for caucasians. In both countries the trend was seen that HIV diagnosis increased for men who were having sex with men, and in general men were diagnosed at substantially higher rates than women. The age group with the highest rate of diagnosis was 30-39. In Canada, the rates peaked in 1984-1985, which is associated largely with the male homosexual population increase. After 1985, a steady decrease is seen until the early 1990s which was followed by another peak during 1996 and 1997. This peak can be linked back to the high infection rates among the injection drug users population. Incident infections may have increased somewhat since the late 1990s, but there is a great deal of uncertainty associated with recent incidence estimates and if present, this increase is much less than that seen in the early 1980s. At any rate, it can be stated with more certainty that diagnosis rates have not decreased in recent years. There is a need for prevention efforts in order to reduce the diagnosis rates, especially in ethnic minorities, as well as men who have sex with men. | + | National surveillance systems in Canada and the United states have been used to observe the trends in AIDS and HIV. In 2005 AIDS diagnosis rates in the United states were substantially higher in blacks, followed by hispanics and then caucasians. In Canada, the AID diagnosis were higher for aboriginal peoples, then blacks, and substantially lower for caucasians. In both countries the trend was seen that HIV diagnosis increased for men who were having sex with men, and in general men were diagnosed at substantially higher rates than women. The age group with the highest rate of diagnosis was 30-39. In Canada, the rates peaked in 1984-1985, which is associated largely with the male homosexual population increase. After 1985, a steady decrease is seen until the early 1990s which was followed by another peak during 1996 and 1997. This peak can be linked back to the high infection rates among the injection drug users population. Incident infections may have increased somewhat since the late 1990s, but there is a great deal of uncertainty associated with recent incidence estimates and if present, this increase is much less than that seen in the early 1980s. At any rate, it can be stated with more certainty that diagnosis rates have not decreased in recent years. There is a need for prevention efforts in order to reduce the diagnosis rates, especially in ethnic minorities, as well as men who have sex with men. (Hall, 2009) |
| {{:pres_2_picture.png|}} | {{:pres_2_picture.png|}} | ||
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| **Emergency HIV pills** | **Emergency HIV pills** | ||
| - | If an individual believes that they have been exposed to the virus within the last 3 days (72 hours) anti-HIV medication called PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) may stop the infection (Nordqvist, 2016). This treatment is very useful as it should be taken as soon as possible after contact with the virus. PEP is a very demanding treatment lasting about four weeks and it also includes side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, weakness and fatigue. | + | If an individual believes that they have been exposed to the virus within the last 3 days (72 hours) anti-HIV medication called PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) may stop the infection (Nordqvist, 2016). This treatment is very useful as it should be taken as soon as possible after contact with the virus. PEP is a very demanding treatment lasting about four weeks and it also includes side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, weakness and fatigue (Robinson, 2016). |
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| · Delvaridine | · Delvaridine | ||
| · Efavirenz | · Efavirenz | ||
| - | · Nevirapine (Nordqvist, 2016). | + | · Nevirapine (Robinson, 2016). |
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| - | As of November 2nd 2016, the first HIV Vaccine Trial has been initiated in South Africa. Approximately 5400 men and women are enrolled in Phase III clinical trials of the HVTN (HIV Vaccine Trials Network) 702 vaccine (Surugue, 2016). The vaccine regimen actually consists of two different vaccines: the first is a canarypox-based vaccine, and the second is a bivalent GP120 subunit with an adjuvant to elicit an immune response. The canarypox-based vaccine is viral vaccine that elicits a cytotoxic T cell response towards HIV-infected cells. The bivalent GP120 vaccine with and adjuvant also helps boost the host's immune system by developing antibodies to recognize and remove viral particles if they enter the body. The type of GP120 subunit used is known to be associated with the strain of HIV that is the most prevalent in South Africa ("Large Scale HIV Vaccine Trial", 2016). This provides the population with pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the the incidence and spread of HIV. The trial will last from November 2016 to December 2020 (Surugue, 2016). | + | As of November 2nd 2016, the first HIV Vaccine Trial has been initiated in South Africa, which has 7 million HIV-infected individuals, or one-fifth of the world HIV-positive population. Approximately 5400 men and women are enrolled in Phase III clinical trials of the HVTN (HIV Vaccine Trials Network) 702 vaccine (Surugue, 2016). The vaccine regimen actually consists of two different vaccines: the first is a canarypox-based vaccine, and the second is a bivalent GP120 subunit with an adjuvant to elicit an immune response. The canarypox-based vaccine is viral vaccine that elicits a cytotoxic T cell response towards HIV-infected cells. The bivalent GP120 vaccine with and adjuvant also helps boost the host's immune system by developing antibodies to recognize and remove viral particles if they enter the body. The type of GP120 subunit used is known to be associated with the strain of HIV that is the most prevalent in South Africa ("Large Scale HIV Vaccine Trial", 2016). This provides the population with pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the the incidence and spread of HIV. The trial will last from November 2016 to December 2020 (Surugue, 2016). |
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| * AidsInfo. N.d. HIV Life Cycle. Retrieved from: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/19/45/hiv-aids--the-basics | * AidsInfo. N.d. HIV Life Cycle. Retrieved from: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/19/45/hiv-aids--the-basics | ||
| * Berger, E., Garrett, L., MacGregor, R. R., Vonmuller, E., Weiner, D. 2016. HIV and AIDS. Annenberg Learner. 91-106. | * Berger, E., Garrett, L., MacGregor, R. R., Vonmuller, E., Weiner, D. 2016. HIV and AIDS. Annenberg Learner. 91-106. | ||
| - | + | ||
| * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). HIV/AIDS Testing. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/testing.html | * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). HIV/AIDS Testing. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/testing.html | ||
