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| ====== What is Cloning? ====== | ====== What is Cloning? ====== | ||
| - | Clones are referred to as organisms that are exact genetic copies of each other. To say the least, every single piece of their DNA sequence is identical ("Cloning LiteratureWatch", 2000). Cloning can occur both naturally and artificially. We observe many examples of natural cloning around us, for example bacteria reproducing asexually through the process of binary fission is an example of cloning (Noh & Neumann, 2001). Our cells undergo cloning everyday through mitosis. And lastly, another really cool example of cloning are identical twins. All these events have inspired scientists to experiment cloning through artificial means. Science has gone from cloning single cells to entire organisms and advancements continue to happen today (Noh & Neumann, 2001). The three types of artificial cloning that we will be discussing today include reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and gene cloning (Noh & Neumann, 2001). | + | Clones are referred to as organisms that are exact genetic copies of each other. To say the least, every single piece of their DNA sequence is identical ("Cloning LiteratureWatch '', 2000). Cloning can occur both naturally and artificially. We observe many examples of natural cloning around us, for example bacteria reproducing asexually through the process of binary fission is an example of cloning (Noh & Neumann, 2001). Our cells undergo cloning everyday through mitosis. And lastly, another really cool example of cloning are identical twins. All these events have inspired scientists to experiment cloning through artificial means. Science has gone from cloning single cells to entire organisms and advancements continue to happen today (Noh & Neumann, 2001). The three types of artificial cloning that we will be discussing today include reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and gene cloning (Noh & Neumann, 2001). |
| - | <box 50% round center|> {{:identical.png?500|}} </box| Figure 1. Parsons, L. (2008). Clone humans with identical Dna sequences. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/ 2008/03/11/health/11real.html | + | <box 50% round center|> {{:identical.png?500|}} </box| Figure 1. Clone humans with identical Dna sequences. (Parsons, 2008)> |
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| ====== History ====== | ====== History ====== | ||
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| ==== Human Cloning ==== | ==== Human Cloning ==== | ||
| - | Several claims have been made in the past, but all without evidence. Human cloning is scientifically a more complicated and sensitive process, with many ethical concerns attached to it. It is also currently banned in many countries (“Cloning Fact Sheet”, 2017). Scientifically speaking, it is quite challenging to ensure that the human clones created would lead a normal, healthy life. Clones of other organisms created in the past have faced a lot of health challenges pre-natally and post-natally and many die at a young age. Thus, similar concerns regarding human cloning pose an ethical challenge. | ||
| - | ===== Current advancements and Lifespan ====== | + | Several claims have been made in the past, but all without evidence. Human cloning is scientifically a more complicated and sensitive process, with many ethical concerns attached to it. It is also currently banned in many countries (“Cloning Fact Sheet”, 2017). Scientifically speaking, it is quite challenging to ensure that the human clones created would lead a normal, healthy life. Clones of other organisms created in the past have faced a lot of health challenges pre-natally and post-natally and many die at a young age. Thus, similar concerns regarding human cloning pose an ethical challenge. |
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| + | ====== Current advancements and Lifespan ====== | ||
| Over 20 species of mammals have been cloned thus far including pigs, goats, rabbits, sheep, cattle and even two rhesus monkeys (Greshke, 2018). The lifespan of these species varies and many are afflicted with abnormalities leading to either abortion or an early death after birth (Burgstaller & Brem, 2017). These abnormalities include increased birth size, organ defects, premature aging and issues in the immune system. Despite these anomalies, certain clones of goats, and mice have been able to survive the maximum lifespan for their species. Some argue that the abnormalities observed could be due to factors like telomere aging and accumulated DNA damage in the donor DNA, however, it has also been observed that oocyte reprogramming is capable of restoring telomere length and other abnormalities (Burgstaller & Brem, 2017). Hence, it could be speculated that the probability of cloning a healthy organism depends on the ability of these occyte factors to fully reprogram the genetic information. Despite | Over 20 species of mammals have been cloned thus far including pigs, goats, rabbits, sheep, cattle and even two rhesus monkeys (Greshke, 2018). The lifespan of these species varies and many are afflicted with abnormalities leading to either abortion or an early death after birth (Burgstaller & Brem, 2017). These abnormalities include increased birth size, organ defects, premature aging and issues in the immune system. Despite these anomalies, certain clones of goats, and mice have been able to survive the maximum lifespan for their species. Some argue that the abnormalities observed could be due to factors like telomere aging and accumulated DNA damage in the donor DNA, however, it has also been observed that oocyte reprogramming is capable of restoring telomere length and other abnormalities (Burgstaller & Brem, 2017). Hence, it could be speculated that the probability of cloning a healthy organism depends on the ability of these occyte factors to fully reprogram the genetic information. Despite | ||
