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| Clones are referred to as organisms that are exact genetic copies of each other. To say the least, every single piece of their DNA sequence is identical ("Cloning LiteratureWatch '', 2000). Cloning can occur both naturally and artificially. We observe many examples of natural cloning around us, for example bacteria reproducing asexually through the process of binary fission is an example of cloning (Noh & Neumann, 2001). Our cells undergo cloning everyday through mitosis. And lastly, another really cool example of cloning are identical twins. All these events have inspired scientists to experiment cloning through artificial means. Science has gone from cloning single cells to entire organisms and advancements continue to happen today (Noh & Neumann, 2001). The three types of artificial cloning that we will be discussing today include reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and gene cloning (Noh & Neumann, 2001). | Clones are referred to as organisms that are exact genetic copies of each other. To say the least, every single piece of their DNA sequence is identical ("Cloning LiteratureWatch '', 2000). Cloning can occur both naturally and artificially. We observe many examples of natural cloning around us, for example bacteria reproducing asexually through the process of binary fission is an example of cloning (Noh & Neumann, 2001). Our cells undergo cloning everyday through mitosis. And lastly, another really cool example of cloning are identical twins. All these events have inspired scientists to experiment cloning through artificial means. Science has gone from cloning single cells to entire organisms and advancements continue to happen today (Noh & Neumann, 2001). The three types of artificial cloning that we will be discussing today include reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and gene cloning (Noh & Neumann, 2001). | ||
| - | <box 50% round center|> {{:identical.png?500|}} </box| Figure 1. Parsons, L. (2008). Clone humans with identical Dna sequences. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/ 2008/03/11/health/11real.html | + | <box 50% round center|> {{:identical.png?500|}} </box| Figure 1. Clone humans with identical Dna sequences. (Parsons, 2008)> |
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| <box 50% round center|> {{:collection.png?600|}} </box| Figure 5: The number of animals that have been cloned so far: (A)Rhesus Monkey (Sartore, n.d.), (B) Pigs (“Cloned pigs”, 2000), (C) Cat (Wadsworth,n.d.), (D) Horse (Pabst, 2017), (E) Rabbit (“Cloned Rabbit, n.d.) > | <box 50% round center|> {{:collection.png?600|}} </box| Figure 5: The number of animals that have been cloned so far: (A)Rhesus Monkey (Sartore, n.d.), (B) Pigs (“Cloned pigs”, 2000), (C) Cat (Wadsworth,n.d.), (D) Horse (Pabst, 2017), (E) Rabbit (“Cloned Rabbit, n.d.) > | ||
| - | ====== Advanced cloning ====== | + | ====== Other Types of Artificial Cloning ====== |
| Reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and gene cloning are three types of artificial cloning. Reproductive cloning produces an animal that is genetically identical to the donor animal (Cloning Fact Sheet, 2017). This is done through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Reproductive cloning involves implantation of a cloned embryo into a uterus (Rugnetta, 2019). This allows the embryo to develop into a fetus. This type of cloning experiment was performed for over 40 years through embryo splitting (Rugnetta, 2019). In the 1990s, reproductive cloning saw major changes. This was after the birth of “Dolly the sheep”. Dolly was generated through SCNT (Rugnetta, 2019). Reproductive cloning using SCNT is considered to be very harmful because fetuses of embryos cloned through this process are usually born with birth defects. Also, fetuses born this way rarely survive gestation (Rugnetta, 2019). | Reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and gene cloning are three types of artificial cloning. Reproductive cloning produces an animal that is genetically identical to the donor animal (Cloning Fact Sheet, 2017). This is done through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Reproductive cloning involves implantation of a cloned embryo into a uterus (Rugnetta, 2019). This allows the embryo to develop into a fetus. This type of cloning experiment was performed for over 40 years through embryo splitting (Rugnetta, 2019). In the 1990s, reproductive cloning saw major changes. This was after the birth of “Dolly the sheep”. Dolly was generated through SCNT (Rugnetta, 2019). Reproductive cloning using SCNT is considered to be very harmful because fetuses of embryos cloned through this process are usually born with birth defects. Also, fetuses born this way rarely survive gestation (Rugnetta, 2019). | ||
