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group_2_presentation_1_-_effects_of_the_cocaine_on_the_brain [2016/09/30 14:04] andriep |
group_2_presentation_1_-_effects_of_the_cocaine_on_the_brain [2018/01/25 15:18] (current) |
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| The risk for becoming dependant in the first two years of use is 5-6%, while becoming dependant within 10 years of first use increases to 15-16%. Studies show that the chances of becoming dependant on cocaine was lower when individuals snorted cocaine; higher when smoking, and much higher for injecting. Women are 3.3 times more likely to become dependent when compared to men. Those who started at a younger age, 12-13, were four times more likely to become dependent when compared to those who started at ages 18-20. The peak age for dependence is at ages 23-25. [21] | The risk for becoming dependant in the first two years of use is 5-6%, while becoming dependant within 10 years of first use increases to 15-16%. Studies show that the chances of becoming dependant on cocaine was lower when individuals snorted cocaine; higher when smoking, and much higher for injecting. Women are 3.3 times more likely to become dependent when compared to men. Those who started at a younger age, 12-13, were four times more likely to become dependent when compared to those who started at ages 18-20. The peak age for dependence is at ages 23-25. [21] | ||
| - | {{:meoww.jpg|}} | + | {{:figure_71_cocaine.jpg|}} |
| - | //Figure 7: Graph showing dependance on Cocaine use relative to age group // | + | |
| - | http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v26/n4/full/1395810a.html | + | |
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| - Nicholls, J.G., Mar5n, A.R., Wallace, B.G. & Fuchs, P.A. (2001) From Neuron to Brain, 4th Ed. | - Nicholls, J.G., Mar5n, A.R., Wallace, B.G. & Fuchs, P.A. (2001) From Neuron to Brain, 4th Ed. | ||
| - Breiter, Hans C., et al. "Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emotion." Neuron 19.3 (1997): 591-611. | - Breiter, Hans C., et al. "Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emotion." Neuron 19.3 (1997): 591-611. | ||
| + | - Mackey, S., & Paulus, M. (2013, March). Are there volumetric brain differences associated with the use of cocaine and amphetamine-type stimulants? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(3), 300-316. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.003 | ||
| + | - Dubuc, B. (n.d.). THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM. Retrieved September 21, 2016, from http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_cr/i_03_cr_par/i_03_cr_par.html | ||
| - Robinson, T. E., Gorny, G., Mitton, E., & Kolb, B. (2001). Cocaine self‐administration alters the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens- and neocortex. Synapse, 39(3), 257-266. doi:10.1002/1098 2396(20010301)39:33.3.co;2-t | - Robinson, T. E., Gorny, G., Mitton, E., & Kolb, B. (2001). Cocaine self‐administration alters the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens- and neocortex. Synapse, 39(3), 257-266. doi:10.1002/1098 2396(20010301)39:33.3.co;2-t | ||
| - | - Dubuc, B. (n.d.). THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM. Retrieved September 21, 2016, from http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_cr/i_03_cr_par/i_03_cr_par.html | ||
| - Porter, J. N., Minhas, D., Lopresti, B. J., Price, J. C., & Bradberry, C. W. (2014). Altered cerebellar and prefrontal cortex function in rhesus monkeys that previously self- administered cocaine. Psychopharmacology, 231(21), 4211-4218. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3560- | - Porter, J. N., Minhas, D., Lopresti, B. J., Price, J. C., & Bradberry, C. W. (2014). Altered cerebellar and prefrontal cortex function in rhesus monkeys that previously self- administered cocaine. Psychopharmacology, 231(21), 4211-4218. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3560- | ||
| + | - Paulin, M.G. (1993). The Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Control and Perception. Brain Behav Evol, 41(1), 39-50 1993. http://www.otago.ac.nz/neurozoo/documents/Paulin%201993%20-%20role%20of%20the%20cerebellum.pdf | ||
| - Bechara, A. (2000). Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 295-307. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295 | - Bechara, A. (2000). Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 295-307. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295 | ||
| - Hester, R. (2004). Executive Dysfunction in Cocaine Addiction: Evidence for Discordant Frontal, Cingulate, and Cerebellar Activity. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(49), 11017-11022. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3321-04.2004 | - Hester, R. (2004). Executive Dysfunction in Cocaine Addiction: Evidence for Discordant Frontal, Cingulate, and Cerebellar Activity. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(49), 11017-11022. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3321-04.2004 | ||
| - Lucantonio, F., Takahashi, Y. K., Hoffman, A. F., Chang, C., Bali-Chaudhary, S., Shaham, Y., Schoenbaum, G. (2014). Erratum: Orbitofrontal activation restores insight lost after cocaine use. Nature Neuroscience Nat Neurosci, 17(9), 1287-1287. doi:10.1038/nn0914-1287e | - Lucantonio, F., Takahashi, Y. K., Hoffman, A. F., Chang, C., Bali-Chaudhary, S., Shaham, Y., Schoenbaum, G. (2014). Erratum: Orbitofrontal activation restores insight lost after cocaine use. Nature Neuroscience Nat Neurosci, 17(9), 1287-1287. doi:10.1038/nn0914-1287e | ||
| - | - Bechara, A. (2000). Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 295-307. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295 | ||
| - Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50). Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/ data/ | - Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50). Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/ data/ | ||
| - What is the scope of cocaine use in the United States? (2016). Drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 23 September 2016, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/cocaine/what-scope-cocaine-use-in-united-states | - What is the scope of cocaine use in the United States? (2016). Drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 23 September 2016, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/cocaine/what-scope-cocaine-use-in-united-states | ||
