Differences
This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
| Both sides previous revision Previous revision Next revision | Previous revision | ||
|
group_2_presentation_1_-_ascariasis [2020/01/31 19:34] gandhr11 [Medication] |
group_2_presentation_1_-_ascariasis [2020/02/02 13:42] (current) mumtaa1 [Acaris subtypes] |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
| - | <box 40% width centre|> {{ :wiki1.jpg?direct&200 |}} </box| Figure 1. Intestine Ascariasis cross section .> | + | <box 40% width centre|> {{ :wiki1.jpg?direct&200 |}} </box| Figure 1. Intestine Ascariasis cross section. Retrieved from: https://parasitecleansers.com/parasites-in-humans/intestinal-parasites/roundworm/ascaris/ .> |
| ====== What is Ascariasis? ====== | ====== What is Ascariasis? ====== | ||
| Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
| ====== History====== | ====== History====== | ||
| The presence of ascariasis can date back to 2277 BC, where A. lumbricoides eggs were discovered in the fossilized feces of a human from Peru (Cox, 2002). Ascariasis is an ancient disease with records dating back to 1938 and 1600 BC of A. lumbricoides in a Middle Kingdom Egyptian mummy and from the Ming Dynasty in China between AD 1368 and 1644 (Cox, 2002). | The presence of ascariasis can date back to 2277 BC, where A. lumbricoides eggs were discovered in the fossilized feces of a human from Peru (Cox, 2002). Ascariasis is an ancient disease with records dating back to 1938 and 1600 BC of A. lumbricoides in a Middle Kingdom Egyptian mummy and from the Ming Dynasty in China between AD 1368 and 1644 (Cox, 2002). | ||
| + | |||
| The first detailed anatomy of A. lumbricoides was depicted in the late 17th century by an English physician - Edward Tyson (Cox, 2002). Soon after, Francesco Redi wrote a book describing the worm; it was one of the first books of parasitology (Cox, 2002). The study of helminthology reached its peak in the 19th century, partly due to these two publications (Cox, 2002). Scientist began attempting to understand the infections caused by Ascaris and how to treat them (Cox, 2002). | The first detailed anatomy of A. lumbricoides was depicted in the late 17th century by an English physician - Edward Tyson (Cox, 2002). Soon after, Francesco Redi wrote a book describing the worm; it was one of the first books of parasitology (Cox, 2002). The study of helminthology reached its peak in the 19th century, partly due to these two publications (Cox, 2002). Scientist began attempting to understand the infections caused by Ascaris and how to treat them (Cox, 2002). | ||
| + | |||
| In 1878, Italian physician and zoologist, Giovanni Battista Grassi, was the first to demonstrate the infectivity of A. lumbricoides by ingesting the eggs found in the feces of those who died from the disease (Cox, 2002; Silva, 2019). It wasn’t until 1922 when a Japanese pediatrician, Shimesu Koino, infected both a volunteer and himself, that he discovered the life cycle of Ascaris in the human body (Cox, 2002). | In 1878, Italian physician and zoologist, Giovanni Battista Grassi, was the first to demonstrate the infectivity of A. lumbricoides by ingesting the eggs found in the feces of those who died from the disease (Cox, 2002; Silva, 2019). It wasn’t until 1922 when a Japanese pediatrician, Shimesu Koino, infected both a volunteer and himself, that he discovered the life cycle of Ascaris in the human body (Cox, 2002). | ||
| ==== Acaris subtypes ==== | ==== Acaris subtypes ==== | ||
| - | Ascaris Lumbricoides typically infects human populations whereas Ascaris suum is most commonly observed in animal populations. The two parasites are also referred to as geo-helminths suggesting that the infection is primarily transmitted via contaminated soil (Center for Control and Disease [CDC], n.d.). Ascaris eggs in the soil are capable of surviving upto 10 years, and only take 10-15 days to become infective in the soil (CDC, n.d.) | + | |
| + | Ascaris Lumbricoides typically infects human populations whereas Ascaris suum is most commonly observed in animal populations. The two parasites are also referred to as geo-helminths suggesting that the infection is primarily transmitted via contaminated soil (Center for Control and Disease [CDC], n.d.). Ascaris eggs in the soil are capable of surviving up to 10 years, and only take 10-15 days to become infective in the soil (CDC, n.d.) | ||
| The two roundworms are drastically different genetically, in fact in the past it has been debated whether they should be classified as two different species. However, recently following a molecular analysis extreme similarities in the worms’ nucleotide and amino acid sequences have led researchers to classify them as a single species (Monteiro et al., 2019). Additionally, both roundworms have been observed to infect humans and pigs supporting the notion that despite certain genetic differences the two worms are the same species. Furthermore, they’re almost indistinguishable morphologically and follow a similar infectious pathway once inside the host. The subtle morphological differences such as the shape of lips and size of teeth can be detected through an Electron microscope (Monteiro et al., 2019). | The two roundworms are drastically different genetically, in fact in the past it has been debated whether they should be classified as two different species. However, recently following a molecular analysis extreme similarities in the worms’ nucleotide and amino acid sequences have led researchers to classify them as a single species (Monteiro et al., 2019). Additionally, both roundworms have been observed to infect humans and pigs supporting the notion that despite certain genetic differences the two worms are the same species. Furthermore, they’re almost indistinguishable morphologically and follow a similar infectious pathway once inside the host. The subtle morphological differences such as the shape of lips and size of teeth can be detected through an Electron microscope (Monteiro et al., 2019). | ||
| + | |||
| The worms are both anthroponotic and zoonotic meaning that cross-transmission of the infection is bi-directional. Humans and pigs are both capable of transmitting the infection to each other (Monteiro et al., 2019). | The worms are both anthroponotic and zoonotic meaning that cross-transmission of the infection is bi-directional. Humans and pigs are both capable of transmitting the infection to each other (Monteiro et al., 2019). | ||
| - | <box 80% width centre|> {{ ::group2a1.jpg |}} </box| Figure 2. Even though they are two different, they come from one single species .> | + | |
| + | <box 80% width centre|> {{ ::group2a1.jpg |}} </box| Figure 2. Even though they are different, they come from one single species .> | ||
| ====== Statistics ====== | ====== Statistics ====== | ||
| Line 126: | Line 132: | ||
| In the case of heavy infestation, surgery may be required to remove large amounts of worms and to repair the damages that they have caused. According to Mayo Clinic, some complications that require surgery include: intestinal obstruction or perforation, appendicitis, and bile duct obstruction (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018). During surgery, the worms may be manually removed by massaging the worms out the intestine through a cut opening (Silva, R.D., 2019). | In the case of heavy infestation, surgery may be required to remove large amounts of worms and to repair the damages that they have caused. According to Mayo Clinic, some complications that require surgery include: intestinal obstruction or perforation, appendicitis, and bile duct obstruction (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018). During surgery, the worms may be manually removed by massaging the worms out the intestine through a cut opening (Silva, R.D., 2019). | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ====== References ====== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ascariasis. (2018, May 17). Retrieved January 22, 2020, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369597 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ascariasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments. (2019, April 17). Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/ascariasis | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ben-Joseph, E. P. (Ed.). (2019, November). Ascariasis (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth. Retrieved from https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/ascariasis.html | ||
| + | |||
| + | CDC - Ascariasis - Biology. (2019, July 19). Retrieved January 22, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/biology.html | ||
| + | |||
| + | CDC - Ascariasis - Diagnosis. (2018, February 15). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/diagnosis.html | ||
| + | |||
| + | CDC - DPDx - Diagnostic Procedures - Stool Specimens. (2016, May 3). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/diagnosticprocedures/stool/specimenproc.html | ||
| + | |||
| + | CDC - Ascariasis - Resources for Health Professionals. (2019, August 28). Retrieved January 22, 2020, from | ||
| + | https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/health_professionals/index.html#tx | ||
| + | |||
| + | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Ascariasis. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cox, F. E. (2002). History of human parasitology. Clinical microbiology reviews, 15(4), 595-612. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Dold, C., & Holland, C. V. (2011). Ascaris and ascariasis. Microbes and Infection, 13(7), 632–637. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.09.012 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Fletcher, J. (2018, July 3). Ascariasis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322340.php#causes | ||
| + | |||
| + | Hall A., Hewitt G, Tuffrey V. (2008). A review and meta-analysis of the impact of intestinal worms on child growth and nutrition. Maternal and Child Nutrition. 4: 118–236. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2007.00127.x | ||
| + | |||
| + | Lima Corvino, D. F. D., & Horrall, S. (2020). Ascariasis [Jan 12 2019]. Treasure Island , FL: StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430796/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Lucas, J. (2018, October 5). What Are X-Rays? Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/32344-what-are-x-rays.html | ||
| + | |||
| + | Mayo Clinic. (May 17, 2018). Ascariasis: Symptoms and Causes. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369593 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Monteiro, K. J., Calegar, D. A., Santos, J. P., Bacelar, P. A., Coronato-Nunes, B., Reis, E. R. C., ... & Jaeger, L. H. (2019). Genetic diversity of Ascaris spp. infecting humans and pigs in distinct Brazilian regions, as revealed by mitochondrial DNA. PloS one, 14(6), e0218867. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Murrell, K. D., Eriksen, L., Nansen, P., Slotved, H. C., & Rasmussen, T. (1997). Ascaris suum: a revision of its early migratory path and implications for human ascariasis. The Journal of parasitology, 255-260. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Shah, J., & Shahidullah, A. (2018). Ascaris lumbricoides: a startling discovery during screening colonoscopy. Case reports in gastroenterology, 12(2), 224-229. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Smith, J. (2014, December). Ivermectin. Retrieved January 22, 2020, from https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/ivermectin/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Stephenson, L.S. (1987). The Impact of Helminth Infections on Human Nutrition. London: Taylor & Francis. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Török M. Estée., Cooke, F. J., & Moran, E. (2017). Oxford handbook of infectious diseases and microbiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | ||
| + | |||
| + | WHO. Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers. Crompton DWT, editor. WHO Library. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2006. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
