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group_1_presentation_2_-_opioids [2018/03/02 23:29] mohameah |
group_1_presentation_2_-_opioids [2018/03/02 23:51] (current) alagicf |
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| ====== Adverse Effects of Opioid Use ====== | ====== Adverse Effects of Opioid Use ====== | ||
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| - | <box 25% round right | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-02_at_8.00.49_pm.png?200|}} </box| Figure 3: Opioid receptors in GI tract. http://slideplayer.com/slide/11681545/ > | ||
| There are various adverse effects associated with long term use of opioids (Voon, Karamouzian & Kerr, 2017). These effects have been shown to target the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems (Voon, Karamouzian & Kerr, 2017). With regards to the gastrointestinal system, constipation is a prevalent effect of chronic opiate therapy (Khansari, Sohrabi & Zamani, 2013). This process depends on the stimulation of μ and κ opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. Studies show that 40-45% of patients on opiate therapy experience constipation. Treatment involves the use of stool softeners and laxatives, which is not always effective. In some cases, constipation can be so severe that patients reduce their medication dosage or discontinue opiate use altogether (Khansari, Sohrabi & Zamani, 2013). | There are various adverse effects associated with long term use of opioids (Voon, Karamouzian & Kerr, 2017). These effects have been shown to target the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems (Voon, Karamouzian & Kerr, 2017). With regards to the gastrointestinal system, constipation is a prevalent effect of chronic opiate therapy (Khansari, Sohrabi & Zamani, 2013). This process depends on the stimulation of μ and κ opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. Studies show that 40-45% of patients on opiate therapy experience constipation. Treatment involves the use of stool softeners and laxatives, which is not always effective. In some cases, constipation can be so severe that patients reduce their medication dosage or discontinue opiate use altogether (Khansari, Sohrabi & Zamani, 2013). | ||
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| + | <box 35% round right | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-02_at_8.00.49_pm.png?350|}} </box| Figure 3: Opioid receptors in GI tract. http://slideplayer.com/slide/11681545/ > | ||
| Long term use of opioid therapy has been shown to have deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system (Chen & Ashburn, 2015). When the use of opioid therapy was compared to Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, opioid therapy was associated with a 77% increased risk of cardiovascular effects such as heart failure and myocardial infarction (MI) (Voon, Karamouzian & Kerr, 2017). After 30 days, the risk of cardiovascular events was similar across different opioid medications. However, after 180 days of therapy, codeine was associated with a 62% increase in adverse events when compared to hydrocodone (Voon, Karamouzian & Kerr, 2017). Furthermore, studies have shown an increased risk of MI among patients on chronic opioid therapy relative to the general population (Chen & Ashburn, 2015). | Long term use of opioid therapy has been shown to have deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system (Chen & Ashburn, 2015). When the use of opioid therapy was compared to Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, opioid therapy was associated with a 77% increased risk of cardiovascular effects such as heart failure and myocardial infarction (MI) (Voon, Karamouzian & Kerr, 2017). After 30 days, the risk of cardiovascular events was similar across different opioid medications. However, after 180 days of therapy, codeine was associated with a 62% increase in adverse events when compared to hydrocodone (Voon, Karamouzian & Kerr, 2017). Furthermore, studies have shown an increased risk of MI among patients on chronic opioid therapy relative to the general population (Chen & Ashburn, 2015). | ||
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| ====== Drug Cutting ====== | ====== Drug Cutting ====== | ||
| - | Drug cutting refers to the addition of different solvents to a pure drug product in order to either reduce the cost of drug production or increase the potency of the drug. The materials added to the drug include baking soda, rat poison as well as other drugs such as fentanyl. Additives such as baking soda and rat poison are used to dilute the product which increases profit for the drug seller. The addition of other drugs such as fentanyl is used to increase the potency of the drug, which increases consumer appeal. | + | Drug cutting refers to the addition of different solvents to a pure drug product in order to either reduce the cost of drug production or increase the potency of the drug (Fentanyl, 2016). The materials added to the drug include baking soda, rat poison as well as other drugs such as fentanyl. Additives such as baking soda and rat poison are used to dilute the product which increases profit for the drug seller. The addition of other drugs such as fentanyl is used to increase the potency of the drug, which increases consumer appeal (Fentanyl, 2016). |
| ==== Drug Trade and Trafficking of Opioids ==== | ==== Drug Trade and Trafficking of Opioids ==== | ||
| - | The “Beekeeper” was considered one of the Canada's most dangerous chemists for many years. He was well known for creating many synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. | + | The “Beekeeper” was considered one of the Canada's most dangerous chemists for many years (CBC, 2017). He was well known for creating many synthetic opioids such as fentanyl (CBC, 2017). |
| <box 50% round | > {{youtube>2NCofLChqU8?medium}} </box| Video: One of Canada’s most prolific chemists, The Beekeeper. > | <box 50% round | > {{youtube>2NCofLChqU8?medium}} </box| Video: One of Canada’s most prolific chemists, The Beekeeper. > | ||
