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group_1_presentation_2_-_global_burden_of_disease_respiratory_infections [2017/03/10 21:40] wardhaw |
group_1_presentation_2_-_global_burden_of_disease_respiratory_infections [2018/01/25 15:18] (current) |
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| Interestingly, the practice guidelines of the American Thoracic Society (AST) and the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) places emphasis on using patient's history and physical examination for diagnosis (Carrol, 2002). Lastly, microbiological tests have seen an increase in use due to the ease and accuracy of the tests performed. They require collection of sputum, which is a mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract. For example, Streptococcus pneumoniae, the bacteria which causes pneumonia is tested for by performing gram stains and cultures. Also, bacterial urinary antigen tests are available as they are highly specific and sensitive (Carrol, 2002). Overall, physicians rely on traditional methods for diagnosis of the disease, although laboratory tests are favored for their accuracy and ease of specimen collection. | Interestingly, the practice guidelines of the American Thoracic Society (AST) and the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) places emphasis on using patient's history and physical examination for diagnosis (Carrol, 2002). Lastly, microbiological tests have seen an increase in use due to the ease and accuracy of the tests performed. They require collection of sputum, which is a mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract. For example, Streptococcus pneumoniae, the bacteria which causes pneumonia is tested for by performing gram stains and cultures. Also, bacterial urinary antigen tests are available as they are highly specific and sensitive (Carrol, 2002). Overall, physicians rely on traditional methods for diagnosis of the disease, although laboratory tests are favored for their accuracy and ease of specimen collection. | ||
| - | <box 55% round| > {{:pneumonialungs.png|}} </box| Figure 8: Healthy lungs (LS) vs. lungs affected by pneumonia (RS). Retrieved from: https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/cxr/pathology3chest.html > | + | <box 60% round| > {{:pneumonialungs.png|}} </box| Figure 8: Healthy lungs (LS) vs. lungs affected by pneumonia (RS). Retrieved from: https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/cxr/pathology3chest.html > |
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| Individuals can also have a higher risk of developing pneumonia if they have had a recent viral respiratory infection (such as a cold or flu), or if they have a chronic lung or other serious disease such as cystic fibrosis, COPD, diabetes, or sickle cell disease (Healthline, 2015). Diseases such as these increase risk because they make breathing difficult, block airways, and have symptoms that are similar to and can be exacerbated by pneumonia (Healthline, 2015). In addition, individuals with these diseases may also be prescribed immunosuppressant drugs such as inhaled corticosteroids (Healthline, 2015). Having a cold or flu can cause bacterial pneumonia to develop on its own, most commonly from the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria (Mayo Clinic, 2016). | Individuals can also have a higher risk of developing pneumonia if they have had a recent viral respiratory infection (such as a cold or flu), or if they have a chronic lung or other serious disease such as cystic fibrosis, COPD, diabetes, or sickle cell disease (Healthline, 2015). Diseases such as these increase risk because they make breathing difficult, block airways, and have symptoms that are similar to and can be exacerbated by pneumonia (Healthline, 2015). In addition, individuals with these diseases may also be prescribed immunosuppressant drugs such as inhaled corticosteroids (Healthline, 2015). Having a cold or flu can cause bacterial pneumonia to develop on its own, most commonly from the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria (Mayo Clinic, 2016). | ||
| - | <box 44% round right| > {{:ICU.jpg|}} </box| Figure 9: ICU Ventilators, one of the methods in which an individual can contract hospital-acquired pneumonia. Retrieved from: http://medsunhealthcare.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/4.-ICU-Ventilator.jpg> | + | <box 48% round right| > {{:ICU.jpg|}} </box| Figure 9: ICU Ventilators, one of the methods in which an individual can contract hospital-acquired pneumonia. Retrieved from: http://medsunhealthcare.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/4.-ICU-Ventilator.jpg> |
| ====Lifestyle Risk Factors==== | ====Lifestyle Risk Factors==== | ||
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| - | <box 30% round right| > {{:intubation.png|}} </box| Figure 11: Invasive ventilation (intubation). Retrieved from: https://www.google.ca/search?q=oxygen+therapy&client=safari&rls=en&biw=562&bih=679&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiSm-DP5YbSAhVE5SYKHd9WBsgQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=ventilator+in+pneumonia&imgrc=RI46QSkVwZ6XRM:> | + | <box 36% round center| > {{:intubation.png|}} </box| Figure 11: Invasive Ventilation (intubation). Retrieved from: https://www.google.ca/search?q=oxygen+therapy&client=safari&rls=en&biw=562&bih=679&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiSm-DP5YbSAhVE5SYKHd9WBsgQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=ventilator+in+pneumonia&imgrc=RI46QSkVwZ6XRM:> |
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| ======Future Global Burden====== | ======Future Global Burden====== | ||
| - | As indicated earlier, LTRIs were the second highest global burden of disease in 2012 and this number is comprised of many cases of childhood pneumonia. In addition with diarrhea, the two disease have been implicated as being the cause of attendance at health services for low and middle-income families. As seen in the below figure, younger age groups (0-2 years) currently make up 81% of the youth lives lost to pneumonia. Studies have found that currently, the greatest burden of disease for childhood pneumonia is in Southeast Asia and Africa due to poor hygienic conditions, malnutrition, and sub-optimal breast-feeding (which prevents children from acquiring passive immunity). As of now, 15 developing countries contribute to 64% of total global cases of pneumonia. Although this number is expected to decrease in the future, action is required on a global scale to reduce the prevalence of this mostly preventable illness. | + | As indicated earlier, LTRs were the second highest global burden of disease in 2012 and this number is comprised of many cases of childhood pneumonia. A large scale, systematic literature review conducted in 2013 studied the Global Burden of Childhood Pneumonia and Diarrhea. The results were divided based on global and regional burden and burden by age and number. The authors found incidence and case-related fatality ratios were higher in low and middle income families, suggesting economic status played a large role in disease determinance. As seen in the below figure, younger age groups (0-2 years) currently make up 81% of the youth lives lost to pneumonia. Studies have found that currently, the greatest burden of disease for childhood pneumonia is in Southeast Asia and Africa due to poor hygienic conditions, malnutrition, and sub-optimal breast-feeding (which prevents children from acquiring passive immunity). As of now, 15 developing countries contribute to 64% of total global cases of pneumonia. Lastly, nearly ⅓ severe diarrhoea and pneumonia cases are vaccine-preventable suggesting the need for political and societal intervention. Although the burden of childhood pneumonia is expected to decrease in the future, largely due to increasing awareness and better healthcare facilities, action is required immediately on a global scale to actively reduce the prevalence of this mostly preventable illness. |
| - | + | <box 53% round | > {{:walker.png|}} </box| Figure 12: Global Distribution of cases and of deaths from diarrhea and pneumonia in children aged 0-4 years. (Walker, 2013)> | |
| - | <box 50% round | > {{:walker.png|}} </box| Figure 12: Global Distribution of cases and of deaths from diarrhea and pneumonia in children aged 0-4 years. (Walker, 2013)> | + | |
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| ======References====== | ======References====== | ||
