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group_1_presentation_2_-_effects_of_exercise [2018/11/02 19:42] choiy3 |
group_1_presentation_2_-_effects_of_exercise [2018/11/09 12:49] (current) sabraniw old revision restored (2018/11/07 11:28) |
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| + | Presentation Link: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1JTOyofzyonkOJB61Z4LkGVThkePZB4uRO4ffWTzTRkY/edit#slide=id.gc6f90357f_0_0 | ||
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| ====== The Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular Function ====== | ====== The Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular Function ====== | ||
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| ==Heart Rate Differences by Gender and Age== | ==Heart Rate Differences by Gender and Age== | ||
| Heart rate responds differently to exercise based on gender and age. Men’s heart rate tends to rise more dramatically toward peak levels during exercise and return to resting levels after exercise more quickly than women. Men’s maximum heart rate is expected to be 200 minus 93% of their age. Women’s maximum heart rate is expected to be 200 minus 67% of their age. Furthermore, peak heart rate declines with age but the decline is more rapid in men (“The Heart Responds Differently to Exercise in Men vs. Women,” n.d.). | Heart rate responds differently to exercise based on gender and age. Men’s heart rate tends to rise more dramatically toward peak levels during exercise and return to resting levels after exercise more quickly than women. Men’s maximum heart rate is expected to be 200 minus 93% of their age. Women’s maximum heart rate is expected to be 200 minus 67% of their age. Furthermore, peak heart rate declines with age but the decline is more rapid in men (“The Heart Responds Differently to Exercise in Men vs. Women,” n.d.). | ||
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| + | ====== Effects on Blood Pressure ====== | ||
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| + | Blood pressure has been deemed as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease for several decades. However, aerobic exercise has been shown to mitigate this risk. In fact, aerobic exercise has been shown to decrease ambulatory blood pressure in individuals (Brownley, West, Hinderliter, & Light, 1996). This can be seen in the figure above. In the graph, blood pressure at work (usually higher due to a variety of stressors at the workplace) shows greater reduction in blood pressure than at home. This is because the work segment of the day is usually shortly after morning exercise whereas the home segment is usually several hours later. In the study, exercise was shown to decrease blood pressure 2-5 hours post exercise after which the effects start to diminish (Brownley et al., 1996). | ||
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| + | Furthermore, several studies have found varying levels of reduction in blood pressure. One particular study has shown that exercise can reduce blood pressure by 4 mm Hg (Blumenthal et al., 2000). This is depicted in the above figure. The bars on the left (exercise + diet) show the greatest reduction in blood pressure however, the bars in the middle show that exercise alone is also sufficient in reducing blood pressure. | ||
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| + | ====== Effects on Cardiac Output ====== | ||
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| + | The heart, like any muscle, can grow with exercise since it is required to perform at a high level during such activity. The growth of cardiac muscle and simultaneous thickening of ventricular walls has been shown to lead to increased overall perfusion (Burton, Stokes, & Hall, 2004). Additionally, blood returns to the heart using skeletal muscles (which perform better with exercise). Therefore, exercise allows for greater smoothness of the venous blood flow which allows more blood to return to the heart (Lee & Oh, 2016). This allows the heart to pump more blood with each contraction. Higher levels of cardiac output also increase exercise capacity since trained athletes can show up to 40L greater cardiac output than untrained individuals (Lee & Oh, 2016). Lastly, with exercise the heart is able to undergo angiogenesis/coronary collateralization (Gertz et al., 2006). This essentially means that additional vessels are grown and perfuse the heart much better which allows for better cardiac function. Specifically, this increases overall perfusion as well as cerebral blood flow which has been shown to improve long-term stroke outcomes (Gertz et al., 2006). | ||
| ====== Epicardial Fat ====== | ====== Epicardial Fat ====== | ||
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| - | ====== Work Cited ====== | + | ====== Works Cited ====== |
| Atherosclerosis. (2018). National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/atherosclerosis | Atherosclerosis. (2018). National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/atherosclerosis | ||
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| https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53491-0.00013-4 | https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53491-0.00013-4 | ||
| - | Gertz, K., Priller, J., Kronenberg, G., Fink, K. B., Winter, B., Schröck, H., ... & Dirnagl, U. (2006). Physical activity improves long-term stroke outcome via endothelial nitric oxide synthase–dependent augmentation of neovascularization and cerebral blood flow. Circulation research, 99(10), 1132-1140. | + | Gertz, K., Priller, J., Kronenberg, G., Fink, K. B., Winter, B., Schröck, H., ... & Dirnagl, U. (2006). Physical activity improves long-term stroke outcome via endothelial nitric oxide synthase–dependent augmentation of neovascularization and cerebral blood flow. Circulation research, 99(10), 1132-1140. |
| Gleeson, M., Bishop, N., Stensel, D.J., Lindley, M.R., Sarabjit, S., Nimmo, M.A. (2014). The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Exercise: Mechanisms and Implications for the | Gleeson, M., Bishop, N., Stensel, D.J., Lindley, M.R., Sarabjit, S., Nimmo, M.A. (2014). The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Exercise: Mechanisms and Implications for the | ||
