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group_1_presentation_2_-_effects_of_exercise [2018/11/02 19:27] choiy3 |
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| + | Presentation Link: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1JTOyofzyonkOJB61Z4LkGVThkePZB4uRO4ffWTzTRkY/edit#slide=id.gc6f90357f_0_0 | ||
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| ====== The Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular Function ====== | ====== The Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular Function ====== | ||
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| ==Heart Rate Differences by Gender and Age== | ==Heart Rate Differences by Gender and Age== | ||
| Heart rate responds differently to exercise based on gender and age. Men’s heart rate tends to rise more dramatically toward peak levels during exercise and return to resting levels after exercise more quickly than women. Men’s maximum heart rate is expected to be 200 minus 93% of their age. Women’s maximum heart rate is expected to be 200 minus 67% of their age. Furthermore, peak heart rate declines with age but the decline is more rapid in men (“The Heart Responds Differently to Exercise in Men vs. Women,” n.d.). | Heart rate responds differently to exercise based on gender and age. Men’s heart rate tends to rise more dramatically toward peak levels during exercise and return to resting levels after exercise more quickly than women. Men’s maximum heart rate is expected to be 200 minus 93% of their age. Women’s maximum heart rate is expected to be 200 minus 67% of their age. Furthermore, peak heart rate declines with age but the decline is more rapid in men (“The Heart Responds Differently to Exercise in Men vs. Women,” n.d.). | ||
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| + | ====== Effects on Blood Pressure ====== | ||
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| + | Blood pressure has been deemed as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease for several decades. However, aerobic exercise has been shown to mitigate this risk. In fact, aerobic exercise has been shown to decrease ambulatory blood pressure in individuals (Brownley, West, Hinderliter, & Light, 1996). This can be seen in the figure above. In the graph, blood pressure at work (usually higher due to a variety of stressors at the workplace) shows greater reduction in blood pressure than at home. This is because the work segment of the day is usually shortly after morning exercise whereas the home segment is usually several hours later. In the study, exercise was shown to decrease blood pressure 2-5 hours post exercise after which the effects start to diminish (Brownley et al., 1996). | ||
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| + | Furthermore, several studies have found varying levels of reduction in blood pressure. One particular study has shown that exercise can reduce blood pressure by 4 mm Hg (Blumenthal et al., 2000). This is depicted in the above figure. The bars on the left (exercise + diet) show the greatest reduction in blood pressure however, the bars in the middle show that exercise alone is also sufficient in reducing blood pressure. | ||
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| + | ====== Effects on Cardiac Output ====== | ||
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| + | The heart, like any muscle, can grow with exercise since it is required to perform at a high level during such activity. The growth of cardiac muscle and simultaneous thickening of ventricular walls has been shown to lead to increased overall perfusion (Burton, Stokes, & Hall, 2004). Additionally, blood returns to the heart using skeletal muscles (which perform better with exercise). Therefore, exercise allows for greater smoothness of the venous blood flow which allows more blood to return to the heart (Lee & Oh, 2016). This allows the heart to pump more blood with each contraction. Higher levels of cardiac output also increase exercise capacity since trained athletes can show up to 40L greater cardiac output than untrained individuals (Lee & Oh, 2016). Lastly, with exercise the heart is able to undergo angiogenesis/coronary collateralization (Gertz et al., 2006). This essentially means that additional vessels are grown and perfuse the heart much better which allows for better cardiac function. Specifically, this increases overall perfusion as well as cerebral blood flow which has been shown to improve long-term stroke outcomes (Gertz et al., 2006). | ||
| ====== Epicardial Fat ====== | ====== Epicardial Fat ====== | ||
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| An ECG is a quick non-invasive test that is conducted to detect a patient’s risk of experiencing a heart problem (Adam Szulewski, n.d.). It is a common test that is given to many people that complain of chest pains or burning sensations around the area of the heart. Although it is a very simple and easy test to perform, it is very difficult to interpret the results and requires a lot of practice. One type of information that can be obtained through an ECG is a person’s heart rate (Adam Szulewiski, n.d.). The way to calculate the heart rate is to first locate two QRS complexes on the ECG. The QRS complex is the movement of electrical impulses through the lower chambers of the heart (Healthwise Staff, 2012). | An ECG is a quick non-invasive test that is conducted to detect a patient’s risk of experiencing a heart problem (Adam Szulewski, n.d.). It is a common test that is given to many people that complain of chest pains or burning sensations around the area of the heart. Although it is a very simple and easy test to perform, it is very difficult to interpret the results and requires a lot of practice. One type of information that can be obtained through an ECG is a person’s heart rate (Adam Szulewiski, n.d.). The way to calculate the heart rate is to first locate two QRS complexes on the ECG. The QRS complex is the movement of electrical impulses through the lower chambers of the heart (Healthwise Staff, 2012). | ||
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| The QRS complex in the ECG shown above is indicated by the two red arrows labelled 1 and 2. Now the distance between these two peaks is about 2 full box lengths. To obtain the heart rate, you simply divide 300 by the distance between the two peaks which is two. So, for this ECG the heart rate is approximately 150bpm. | The QRS complex in the ECG shown above is indicated by the two red arrows labelled 1 and 2. Now the distance between these two peaks is about 2 full box lengths. To obtain the heart rate, you simply divide 300 by the distance between the two peaks which is two. So, for this ECG the heart rate is approximately 150bpm. | ||
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| The two ECG images shown above indicate the differences between a resting heart rate and heart rate during exercise (Adam Szulewski, n.d.). The image on the left is what a normal ECG would look like for a healthy person at rest. You can see that the distance between two QRS complexes (peaks) is about 3.4 box lengths. So, the heart rate for this person would be approximately 88bpm. The actual number calculated by the author for this ECG is 82bpm (Adam Szulewski, n.d.). So, this quick method of measuring heart rate is very useful as the estimate is relatively close to the actual calculated value. On the right is an image of what an ECG looks like for tachycardia which means fast heart. This is what a person’s ECG would look like when they are exercising. The distance between the two QRS complexes (peaks) is approximately 1.8 box lengths which means the heart rate is approximately 166bpm. | The two ECG images shown above indicate the differences between a resting heart rate and heart rate during exercise (Adam Szulewski, n.d.). The image on the left is what a normal ECG would look like for a healthy person at rest. You can see that the distance between two QRS complexes (peaks) is about 3.4 box lengths. So, the heart rate for this person would be approximately 88bpm. The actual number calculated by the author for this ECG is 82bpm (Adam Szulewski, n.d.). So, this quick method of measuring heart rate is very useful as the estimate is relatively close to the actual calculated value. On the right is an image of what an ECG looks like for tachycardia which means fast heart. This is what a person’s ECG would look like when they are exercising. The distance between the two QRS complexes (peaks) is approximately 1.8 box lengths which means the heart rate is approximately 166bpm. | ||
| - | ====== References ====== | + | |
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| + | ====== How Exercise Prevents Different Cardiovascular Diseases ====== | ||
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| + | == Diabetes == | ||
| + | Exercise has both acute and chronic influences on patients with diabetes. Rapid changes in glucose concentration in blood occurs during and following an exercise. Type 2 diabetes are commonly comorbid with other cardiovascular diseases, and exercise can help with the improvement of insulin sensitivity as well as glucose disposal. Furthermore, exercise with diet can achieve weight loss, which can reduce the risk factor of diabetes (Chipkin et al., 2001). | ||
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| + | == Obesity == | ||
| + | Exercise is helpful in controlling obesity. Patients with BMI above 31 are considered obese, and regular exercise at an intensity of about 50% of their maximum heart rate, 5 times/week for about one hour/session (such as walking) has the potential to normalize weight body composition. Exercise can also reduce abdominal visceral fat, which is associated with impairments in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Exercise is helpful in controlling the energy intake and increases resting metabolic rate (Bouchard et al., 1993). | ||
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| + | ====== Conclusion and Future Implications ====== | ||
| + | In conclusion, exercise can improve a number of aspects of cognition and performance as well as prevention of cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease. Also, it can help control blood lipid abnormalities, diabetes and obesity. It would be important to come up with an effective exercise plan for patients with spinal cord injuries, the elderly or other conditions that may hinder an individual from practiing cardiovascular exercises. | ||
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| + | ====== Works Cited ====== | ||
| Atherosclerosis. (2018). National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/atherosclerosis | Atherosclerosis. (2018). National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/atherosclerosis | ||
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| https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53491-0.00013-4 | https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53491-0.00013-4 | ||
| - | Gertz, K., Priller, J., Kronenberg, G., Fink, K. B., Winter, B., Schröck, H., ... & Dirnagl, U. (2006). Physical activity improves long-term stroke outcome via endothelial nitric oxide synthase–dependent augmentation of neovascularization and cerebral blood flow. Circulation research, 99(10), 1132-1140. | + | Gertz, K., Priller, J., Kronenberg, G., Fink, K. B., Winter, B., Schröck, H., ... & Dirnagl, U. (2006). Physical activity improves long-term stroke outcome via endothelial nitric oxide synthase–dependent augmentation of neovascularization and cerebral blood flow. Circulation research, 99(10), 1132-1140. |
| Gleeson, M., Bishop, N., Stensel, D.J., Lindley, M.R., Sarabjit, S., Nimmo, M.A. (2014). The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Exercise: Mechanisms and Implications for the | Gleeson, M., Bishop, N., Stensel, D.J., Lindley, M.R., Sarabjit, S., Nimmo, M.A. (2014). The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Exercise: Mechanisms and Implications for the | ||
