Weekly Reports

This week so far our group has decided on our preferred projects for the course as well as considered some of optics involved. Presently our group's first choice of project is the traffic monitoring system, with the free-space optical communication device as a second choice. We have also decided to use, at least as a testbed, a visible red laser pointer as a source and basic phototransistors as receivers. Examining the parts catalogs has shown that these components will be feasible in terms of cost and we intend to put in an order in lab next week unless there in a change in plans.

The general design for the traffic monitoring system at this point is to have two lasers on one side of the road, and two detectors on the other side. When a vehicle or pedestrian goes by a laser beam, the beam will not reach the detector. By having two sets of lasers and detectors, we can deduce the speed of the person/vehicle based on when each laser is blocked. We can deduce if it is a person or vehicle based on whether or not both lasers are ever blocked simultaneously. Another approach to this problem is that by using the speed solved for in the first portion, we can integrate the speed over the amount of time that any single laser was blocked for to find the length of the object. This assumes no acceleration, but with the recievers placed close together, unless there are very high accelerations, this method will work well. From this, we can also tell if it was a car or person based on length of object. It will also allow our detectors to be closer together so that we require less wire. Our group discussed the possibility of minimizing the cost of the system by incorporating just one laser and one detector, and splitting the beam into two different intensities, sending them across the road at 2 different places using mirrors, and recombining them at the detector. The issue we had was that this was inherently unstable, with small changes in the positions of the mirrors misaligning the paths to the detector. In order to compensate for wind and seismic vibrations, our group discussed the idea of using a already secure object to mount our laser and receiver on. By mounting on something like a tree, or another solid object, we can ensure greater stability of the laser and also save money on building a stand that would require a large base.

After the presentations of last week, our group has been assigned to the free-space optics project. We have decided to use many of our ideas from the traffic-control project and adapt them to the free-space optical system. A basic parts list including a microcontroller and phototransistor sensors was drawn up. We have decided to use a red visible wavelength, and first tests will be conducted using the lenses supplied in the lab and purchased basic laser pointers. We have decided on the use of either OOK (on-off keying) or FSK (frequency shift keying) for data encoding, and have chosen serial interface using the UART protocol for communicating with the computer. We may need to purchase a UART modem at a later date, but we have selected a microcontroller with an ADC, DAC, and UART interface in an attempt to keep our options open.

A final design was chosen for our project, as well as the required proof of concepts. The design is to use a microcontroller connected to a PC to code a photo or text into binary, and use the OOK signal to modulate the laser. A phototransistor on the other end is used to receive the signal, and a second microcontroller is used to reverse the operation, decoding the binary, and representing the text or image on the PC screen.

The phototransistor was chosen to be one that simulates the human eye's spectrum of absorption, so that a typical red laser could be used. This will potentially require a lot of shielding, or even filtering, at the phototransistor to prevent ambient light from providing a voltage. The microcontrollers were chosen based on the requirements to support C programming, and being able to modulate a signal at a fast enough speed. Unfortunately, the microcontroller was not of a typical type, so there are no matching programming boards to match it.

Further discussion with Glen Leinweber, lab technician, found that the microcontroller would be too slow to react at the required transmission speeds. Some further thinking is required here.

Our group has scheduled a meeting with Prof. Hranilovic for next Friday to provide some insight on free-space optics design.