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 ====== Current Research Projects ======
-==== High Throughput Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy  ====
+==== Multiplexed Confocal Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy  ====
 Comparing with conventional wide-field imaging microscopes, confocal microscopy hold significant advantages in image contrast enhancement, 3D sectioning capabilities, and compatibility with specialized detectors. For applications such as live cell imaging, slow acquisition speed is a key barrier to adaption of confocal microscopy. While wide-field microscopy is typically faster, multiplexed confocal schemes such as using a spinning foci array can significantly increase the image acquisition rate. The moving foci array in the spinning disc, however, prevents the use of specialized discrete photo detectors arrays.
 We have developed a suite of technologies to generate, scan, and measure 1000+ confocal foci simultaneously, while is compatible with stationary discrete detectors. Another key feature of the technique is that it can be retrofitted to a conventional wide-field fluorescence microscope. We are also developing various related technologies for its applications in drug discovery and in vivo imaging.
 \\
 **Publications:**
-  * Nehad Hirmiz, Anthony Tsikouras, Elizabeth J. Osterlund, Morgan Richards, David W. Andrews, and Qiyin Fang, "Highly Multiplexed Confocal Fluorescence Lifetime Microscope Designed for Screening Applications," IEEE Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 27(5):1-9, doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2020.2997834  ({{:public:publications:mcfocal_flim_2020_jstqe_pre.pdf|Preprint PDF}})
+  * Elizabeth J. Osterlund, Nehad Hirmiz, James M. Pemberton, Adrien Nougarede, Qian Liu, Brian Leber, Qiyin Fang, and David W. Andrews, "Efficacy and specificity of inhibitors of BCL-2 family protein interactions assessed by affinity measurements in live cells," Science Advances, 8(16): 2022, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7375 ([[https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm7375|Open Access]])
+  * Nehad Hirmiz, Anthony Tsikouras, Elizabeth J. Osterlund, Morgan Richards, David W. Andrews, and Qiyin Fang, "Highly Multiplexed Confocal Fluorescence Lifetime Microscope Designed for Screening Applications," IEEE Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 27(5):1-9, 2020, doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2020.2997834  ({{:public:publications:mcfocal_flim_2020_jstqe_pre.pdf|Preprint PDF}})
   * Nehad Hirmiz, Anthony Tsikouras, Elizabeth J. Osterlund, Morgan Richards, David W. Andrews, and Qiyin Fang, "Multiplexed confocal microscope with a refraction window scanner and a single-photon avalanche photodiode array detector," Opt. Lett. 45(1), 69-72 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.45.000069 ([[https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.45.000069|online]])
   * Nehad Hirmiz, Anthony Tsikouras, Elizabeth J. Osterlund, Morgan Richards, David W. Andrews, and Qiyin Fang, "Cross-talk reduction in a multiplexed synchroscan streak camera with simultaneous calibration," Opt. Express 27, 22602-22614 (2019), doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.022602 ([[https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.022602|online]])
   * Anthony Tsikouras, Pietro Peronio, Ivan Rech, Nehad Hirmiz, M. Jamal Deen, and Qiyin Fang, "Characterization of SPAD Array for Multifocal High-Content Screening Applications," Photonics 3(4):56, 2016; doi: 10.3390/photonics3040056, ([[http://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/3/4/56/html|Open Access]])
+  *  Bo Xiong, Qiyin Fang, “Luminescence lifetime imaging using a cellphone camera with an electronic rolling shutter”, Optics Letters, 45(1): 81-84, 2020, doi.org/10.1364/OL.45.000081 (https://www.osapublishing.org/ol/abstract.cfm?uri=ol-45-1-81)
   *   Anthony Tsikouras, Richard Berman, David W. Andrews and Qiyin Fang, "High-speed multifocal array scanning using refractive window tilting," Biomedical Optics Express 6, 3737-3757, 2015. ([[https://www.osapublishing.org/boe/abstract.cfm?uri=boe-6-10-3737|Open Access]])
-  * Anthony Tsikouras, Jin Ning, Sandy Ng, Rirchard Berman, David W. Andrews, and Qiyin Fang, “Streak camera crosstalk reduction using  a multiple decay optical fiber bundle,” Optics Letters 37(2): 250-252, 2012. ({{:public:publications:fangq_tsikourasa_streak-flim_ol_2012.pdf|PDF}})\\
+  * Anthony Tsikouras, Jin Ning, Sandy Ng, Richard Berman, David W. Andrews, and Qiyin Fang, “Streak camera crosstalk reduction using  a multiple decay optical fiber bundle,” Optics Letters 37(2): 250-252, 2012. ({{:public:publications:fangq_tsikourasa_streak-flim_ol_2012.pdf|PDF}})\\
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 Microstructure materials are currently used in different fields. One of these areas is sensor devices such as microfluidic devices. The devices are made from transparent materials such as glass and PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane). There are several techniques that are currently used to remove substance and create microchannels on material surface, laser ablation is one of the important methods that can be used in microfabrication. This importance results from the development of laser. In the past, laser with long pulse duration (>picosecond) had been used to fabricate microstructure materials, but because pulse duration of laser was longer than thermal relaxation time of ablated material, the thermal effect was present and caused micro crackers into materials. However, after ultrafast pulse laser (pulse duration <picosecond) is generated, the micro processing of materials using this laser allows for the possibility of material removal on order of micro scale with low thermal damage. In fact, manufacture of microstructure materials using ultrafast pulse laser is still under study.
+**Publications:**
-**Publications:**\\
   * Mostafa Yakout, Ian Phillips, M.A. Elbestawi, Qiyin Fang, "In-situ monitoring and detection of spatter agglomeration and delamination during laser-based powder bed fusion of Invar 36," Optics & Laser Technology, 106741, ISSN 0030-3992, doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106741. ([[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106741|Online]])
   *   Fahad Aljekhedab, Wenbin Zhang, Harold K. Haugen, Gregory R. Wohl, Munir M. El-Desouki, Qiyin Fang, "Influence of environmental conditions in bovine bone ablation by ultrafast laser," Journal of Biophotonics, 12(6): e201800293, 2019; doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201800293([[https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201800293|online]])
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
   * Brent Emigh, Ran An, Eugene M. Hsu, Travis H. R. Crawford, Harold K. Haugen, Gregory R. Wohl, Joseph E. Hayward, and Qiyin Fang, "Porcine cortical bone ablation by ultrafast pulsed laser irradiation," Journal of Biomedical Optics, 17(2):028001, 2012 ({{:public:publications:brent_bone_jbo_2012.pdf|PDF}})
 \\
 ==== Imaging in the Gastrointestinal Tract ("Google Streetview" of the Colon) ====
-We are developing a novel 360 degree panoramic imaging method to build a map of colon lining, during colonoscopy, and use it to locate and track cancerous and pre-cancerous lesions. In colonoscopy, it is important to monitor the progression or recurrence of suspected cancerous lesions (e.g. polyps). Because the colon is contractile and mobile, however, it is very difficult to relocate a lesion (e.g. a polyp) even during the same procedure. A near-infrared imager will be built to image the blood vessels under the surface of the colon lining. The infrared images will be merged with regular surface images to build a colon map that shows blood vessel features as landmarks. This research will make colon cancer screening and treatments more effective.
+In colonoscopy, it is important to monitor the progression or recurrence of suspected cancerous lesions (e.g., polyps). Because the colon is contractile and mobile, however, it is very difficult to relocate a lesion (e.g., a polyp) even during the same procedure. We are developing a novel 360 degree panoramic imaging method to build a map of colon lining, during colonoscopy, and use it to locate and track cancerous and pre-cancerous lesions. This research will make colon cancer screening and treatments more effective.
-\\
+A motion tracking device was previously developed to provide the accurate position, rotation, and velocity of the endoscope to be used in both upper and lower gastrointestinal procedures. It will help gastroenterologists during examination, diagnosis, treatments, and follow-ups to record precise location information during a procedure whether it is for determining the exact area for follow-ups, training doctors, or comparing the size of a tumour. In the current phase, this prototype design is being optimized using modern camera and imaging features as well as hardware and software design to produce a more efficient product that can be used in a clinical setting. The benefits of this design as compared to other solutions are the cost-effective, small-sized, real-time, and software based approach that can simplify the design and minimize the weight of the device. It is also placed externally on the endoscope and does not go inside the patient which allows for it to be removed or disposed.
+\\
 **Publications:**
-  *   Samir Sahli, Roy, C. C. Wang, Aparna Murthy, David Armstrong, M. Jamal Deen, and Qiyin Fang, "a 360 degree side view endoscope for lower GI tract mapping," Physics in Canada, 71(1): 18-20, 2015
+  * Ian H. D. Phillips, David Armstrong and Qiyin Fang, "A Real-Time Endoscope Motion Tracker," IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine, 10:1-9, 2022, ([[http://doi.org/10.1109/JTEHM.2022.3214148|Open Access]]).
+  *   Samir Sahli, Roy, C. C. Wang, Aparna Murthy, David Armstrong, M. Jamal Deen, and Qiyin Fang, "a 360 degree side view endoscope for lower GI tract mapping," Physics in Canada, 71(1): 18-20, 2015 ([[https://pic-pac.cap.ca/index.php/Issues/showpdf/article/v71n1.0-a2394.pdf|online]])
   * Roy Chih Chung Wang, M. Jamal Deen, David Armstrong, and Qiyin Fang, "development of a catadioptric endoscope objective with forward and side views," Journal of Biomedical Optics, 16(6):066015, 2011. ({{:public:publications:fangq_wangrcc_dual-view_jbo_2011.pdf|PDF}})
-  * M. Kfouri, O. Marinov, P. Quevedo, N. Faramarzpour, S. Shirani, L. W-C. Liu, Q. Fang, M. J. Deen, “Towards a Miniaturized Wireless Fluorescence-Based Diagnostic Imaging System,” IEEE Journal of Se-lected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 14(1): 226-234, 2008. ({{:public:publications:kfourim_ieee_2008.pdf|PDF}})
+  * M. Kfouri, O. Marinov, P. Quevedo, N. Faramarzpour, S. Shirani, L. W-C. Liu, Q. Fang, M. J. Deen, “Towards a Miniaturized Wireless Fluorescence-Based Diagnostic Imaging System,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 14(1): 226-234, 2008. ({{:public:publications:kfourim_ieee_2008.pdf|PDF}})
+\\
 ==== Micro and Nano-Biosensing/Imaging Devices ====
@@ Line 45: / Line 49: @@
 The overall objectives of this project area include (i) develop novel micro-optical sensing and imaging device technology with spectrally- and temporally-resolved optical signal acquisition; (ii) investigate the integration and packaging of complete sensing/imaging devices; and (iii) study the applications of such devices in biomedical and environmental applications. The proposed program will be based on the Micro/Nano Systems Lab and focus on integrated device technology development. Its success will allow translation of such technology to applications in biomedical diagnosis, drug discovery, and environmental monitoring.
 \\
 **Publications:**
+  *   Bo Xiong, Tian-Qi Hong, Herb Schellhorn, Qiyin Fang, "Dual-Modality Imaging Microfluidic Cytometer for Onsite Detection of Phytoplankton," Photonics 8, 435, 2021. doi:10.3390/photonics8100435 ([[https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8100435|Open Access]])
   *   Bo Xiong, Eric Mahoney, Joe F. Lo, Qiyin Fang, "A Frequency-domain optofluidic dissolved oxygen sensor with total internal reflection design for in situ monitoring", IEEE Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 27(4):1-7 2021, doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2020.2997810 ({{:public:publications:do_time_2020_jstqe_pre.pdf|Preprint PDF}})
   * Eric James Mahoney, Bo Xiong, and Qiyin Fang, "Optical model of light propagation in total internal reflection fluorescence sensors," Applied Optics 59(34):10651-10660, 2020, doi:10.1364/AO.404112 ([[https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.404112|online]])
@@ Line 57: / Line 61: @@
   * Eric Mahoney, Huan-Huan Hsu, Fei Du, Bo Xiong, P. Ravi Selvaganapathy, and Qiyin Fang, "Optofluidic Dissolved Oxygen Sensing With Sensitivity Enhancement Through Multiple Reflections," IEEE Sensors 19(22): 10452-10460, 2019, doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2932414 ([[https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2932414|online]])
   *   Christina M. Gabardo, Robert C. Adams-McGavin, Barnabas C. Fung, Eric J. Mahoney, Qiyin Fang, Leyla Soleymani, “Rapid prototyping of all-solution-processed multi-lengthscale electrodes using polymer-induced thin film wrinkling,” Scientific Reports 7, 42543, 2017. ([[http://www.nature.com/articles/srep42543|Open Access]])
-  *   S. C. Goh, Y. Luan, X.g Wang, H. Du, C. Chau, H. E. Schellhorn, J. L. Brash, H. Chen, and Q. Fang, “Polydopamine-polyethylene glycol-albumin antifouling coatings on multiple substrates,” Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 6: 940-949, 2018 ([[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2018/TB/C7TB02636F#!divAbstract|Online]])
+  *   S. C. Goh, Y. Luan, XG Wang, H. Du, C. Chau, H. E. Schellhorn, J. L. Brash, H. Chen, and Q. Fang, “Polydopamine-polyethylene glycol-albumin antifouling coatings on multiple substrates,” Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 6: 940-949, 2018 ([[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2018/TB/C7TB02636F#!divAbstract|Online]])
   *   Yushan Zhang, Benjamin R. Watts, Tianyi Guo, Zhiyi Zhang, Changqing Xu, and Qiyin Fang, "Optofluidic Device Based Microflow Cytometers for Particle/Cell Detection: A Review," Micromachines 7(4): 70, 2016; doi: 10.3390/mi7040070.  ([[http://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/7/4/70/html|Open Access]])
   *   Tianyi Guo, M. Jamal Deen, C-Q, Xu, Qiyin Fang, P. Ravi Selvaganapathy, Haiying Zhang, “Observation of ultraslow stress release in silicon nitride film on CaF2,” J. of Vacuum Science & Technology A, 33, 041515, 2015 ({{:public:publications:deenmj_guot_fangq_sin_2015.pdf|PDF}})
   *   R. Liu, Z. Zhao, L. Zou, Q. Fang, L. Chen, A. Argento, J. F. Lo, "Compact, non-invasive frequency domain lifetime differentiation of collagens and elastin," Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, 219(8): 289-293, 2015 ({{:public:publications:lojf_liur_fangq_fd_lifetime_collagen_elastin_2015.pdf|PDF}})
-  *   Tianyi Guo, Yin Wei, Changqing Xu, Benjamin R. Watts, Zhiyi Zhang, Qiyin Fang, Haiying Zhang, P. Ravi Selvaganapathy, and M. Jamal Deen,"Counting of E. Coli by a Micro-flow Cytometer Based on a Photonic-Microfluidic Integrated Device," Electrophoresis, 36(2): 298-304, 2015 ({{:public:publications:xucq_guoty_optofluidics_bact_2014.pdf|PDF}}).
+  *   Tianyi Guo, Yin Wei, Changqing Xu, Benjamin R. Watts, Zhiyi Zhang, Qiyin Fang, Haiying Zhang, P. Ravi Selvaganapathy, and M. Jamal Deen, "Counting of E. Coli by a Micro-flow Cytometer Based on a Photonic-Microfluidic Integrated Device," Electrophoresis, 36(2): 298-304, 2015 ({{:public:publications:xucq_guoty_optofluidics_bact_2014.pdf|PDF}}).
   *   Leo Hsu, P. Ravi Selvaganapathy, J. Brash, Q. Fang, C-Q. Xu, M. Jamal Deen, and Hong Chen, "Development of a low-cost Hemin-based dissolved oxygen sensor with anti-biofouling coating for water monitoring,” IEEE Sensors, 14(10):3400-3407, 2014 ({{:public:publications:hsuhh_do_ieee-sensor_2014.pdf|PDF}})
   * Zhiyun Li, M. Jamal Deen, Qiyin Fang, and P. R. Selvaganapathy, "Design of a flat field concave-grating-based micro-Raman spectrometer for environmental applications," Applied Optics, 51(28):6855-6863, 2012 ({{:public:publications:liz_concave-grating_ao_2012.pdf|PDF}}).
   * Munir El-Desouki, Ognian Marinov, M. Jamal Deen, Qiyin Fang, "CMOS Active-Pixel Sensor With In-Situ Memory for Ultrahigh-Speed Imaging," IEEE Sensors Journal, 11(6): 1375-1379, 2011. ({{:public:publications:deenmj_el-desoukimm_marinovo_fangq_ieee_sensors_2011.pdf|PDF}})
-  * Munir El-Desouki, Darek Palubiak, M. Jamal Deen, Qiyin Fang, Ognian Marinov, "A novel, high-dynamic range, high-speed, and high sensitibility CMOS imager using time-domain single-photon counting and avalanche photodiodes," IEEE Sensors Journal, 11(4): 1078-1083, 2011. ({{:public:publications:deenmj_el-desoukimm_marinovo_fangq_ieee_sensors_2011a.pdf|PDF}})
+  * Munir El-Desouki, Darek Palubiak, M. Jamal Deen, Qiyin Fang, Ognian Marinov, "A novel, high-dynamic range, high-speed, and high sensitivity CMOS imager using time-domain single-photon counting and avalanche photodiodes," IEEE Sensors Journal, 11(4): 1078-1083, 2011. ({{:public:publications:deenmj_el-desoukimm_marinovo_fangq_ieee_sensors_2011a.pdf|PDF}})
   * J. F. Lo, P. Butte, Q. Fang, S. J. Chen, T. Papaioannou, E. S. Kim, M. Gundersen, L. Marcu, "Multilayered MOEMS tunable spectrometer for fluorescence lifetime detection," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 20(7):486-488, 2010.  ({{:public:publications:loj_ieee_photonics_2010.pdf|PDF}})
   * Joe Lo, Shi-Jui Chen, Qiyin Fang, Thanassis Papaioannou, Eun-Sok Kim, Martin Gundersen and Laura Marcu, “Performance of Diaphragmed Microlens for a Packaged Microspectrometer,” Sensors, 9: 859-868, 2009 ({{:public:publications:loj_sensors_2009.pdf|PDF}})
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-==== Smart Home Monitoring ====
+==== Smart Aging ====
-The motivation behind developing a smart home for health monitoring is centered around two key aspects: (i) cost of care and (ii) quality of care. The public expenditure on health care in Ontario alone surpassed $50 billion in 2014. Our proposed strategy to reduce the growing financial and social pressure is to create a health institution within the home, allowing doctors and other healthcare providers to monitor and analyze the health of their patients remotely using low-cost non-invasive sensor and network technologies that are installed innocuously within the home. The project entails retrofitting the interior of the house to develop and test smart technology that will enable older people to live in their homes longer. The entire project combines a wide variety of sensors and cutting-edge technologies in an innovative manner to monitor the health of seniors. As well as helping older patients to live more safely and independently in their own homes, the research project seeks to relieve the burden on family members and caregivers, and reduce non-emergency visits to the hospital.\\
+We aim to develop wearable and ambient sensing device technologies and personalized AI/ML algorithms for continuous, longitudinal assessment of older adults' health conditions during their daily living activities (ADL).  Such longitudinal health dataset will enable early detection and personalized management of chronic and neurodegenerative diseases.
+\\
+[[:public:research:shape-2021|Smart IPS Study]] \\
+[[:public:research:shape|McMaster Smart Home for Aging-in-PlacE]]
 **Publications:**\\
+  * Brenda Vrkljan, Marla K. Beauchamp, Paula Gardner, Qiyin Fang, Ayse Kuspinar, Paul D. McNicholas, K. Bruce Newbold, Julie Richardson, Darren Scott, Manaf Zargoush and Vincenza Gruppuso, "Re-engaging in Aging and Mobility Research in the COVID-19 Era: Early Lessons from Pivoting a Large-Scale, Interdisciplinary Study amidst a Pandemic," Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement, 1-7, 2021, doi:10.1017/S0714980821000374 ([[http://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980821000374|Open Access]])
   * Sinead Dufour, Donna Fedorkow, Jessica Kun, Shirley S.X. Deng, & Qiyin Fang, "Exploring the Impact of a Mobile Health Solution for Postpartum Pelvic Floor Muscle Training: Pilot Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study." JMIR MHealth and UHealth, 7(7): e12587, 2019, doi.org/10.2196/12587 ([[https://doi.org/10.2196/12587|Open Access]])
   * Eric Mahoney, Colleen Chau, Qiyin Fang, "Experiential learning of data acquisition and sensor networks with a cloud computing platform," Proc. SPIE 11143, Fifteenth Conference on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics: ETOP 2019, 111433X, 2 July 2019, doi.org/10.1117/12.2535399 ([[https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2535399|Open Access]]);

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