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group_5_presentation_3_-_effects_of_cannabis [2018/11/30 21:24] jiangh14 |
group_5_presentation_3_-_effects_of_cannabis [2018/11/30 23:16] (current) chuj19 |
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| ======= Cannabis ======= | ======= Cannabis ======= | ||
| + | {{:cannabis_group_5.pptx|}} | ||
| ====== Origin and Evolution ====== | ====== Origin and Evolution ====== | ||
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| {{::screen_shot_2018-11-30_at_4.15.58_pm.png?400|}} | {{::screen_shot_2018-11-30_at_4.15.58_pm.png?400|}} | ||
| + | Figure 1. The three different types of cannabis plant. | ||
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| ====== Uses ====== | ====== Uses ====== | ||
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| {{ :c-g01-eng.gif?direct&700 |}} | {{ :c-g01-eng.gif?direct&700 |}} | ||
| + | Figure 2. Prevalence of cannabis use in individuals ages 15 and over distributed by frequency in use | ||
| From these individuals who have used cannabis, it is seen that the use is not equally distributed as those who have used cannabis within the year of 2015 were in their 20s and then decreases steadily as the age increases. In those who are over the age of 55, majority have not used cannabis within the past year. Furthermore, it has been reported that 48% of men has used cannabis at least once in their life and 32% of women has used it once (Statistics Canada, 2017). | From these individuals who have used cannabis, it is seen that the use is not equally distributed as those who have used cannabis within the year of 2015 were in their 20s and then decreases steadily as the age increases. In those who are over the age of 55, majority have not used cannabis within the past year. Furthermore, it has been reported that 48% of men has used cannabis at least once in their life and 32% of women has used it once (Statistics Canada, 2017). | ||
| {{ :c-g02-eng.gif?direct&600 |}} | {{ :c-g02-eng.gif?direct&600 |}} | ||
| + | Figure 3. Frequency of cannabis use in individuals ages 15 and over in 2015 distributed by age | ||
| ====== Short-term Effects of Cannabis ====== | ====== Short-term Effects of Cannabis ====== | ||
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| Cannabis is generally divided in to two major types, one from dried leaves also known as marijuana and the other from fresh leaves also known as Hashish (Sharma et al., 2012). These leaves are then extracted, isolated and purified to be used or consumed. Within all the compounds in cannabis ere are two specific compounds that leads to the physiological effects of cannabis, the Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD). | Cannabis is generally divided in to two major types, one from dried leaves also known as marijuana and the other from fresh leaves also known as Hashish (Sharma et al., 2012). These leaves are then extracted, isolated and purified to be used or consumed. Within all the compounds in cannabis ere are two specific compounds that leads to the physiological effects of cannabis, the Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD). | ||
| + | {{ :thc.png?300 |}} | ||
| + | Figure 4. Types of cannabis with active ingredients. | ||
| - | Figure 1 | + | THC is known to have the major effect on the brain as its structure is very similar to the neurotransmitter Anandamide and will bind to the Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and disturb the chemical neurotransmission (Figure 2). However, THC does not directly cause the "high" experience in an individual (Pertwee, 2008). When the THC enters the body, the CB1 and CB2 receptors are stimulated to inhibit the Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and glutamate pathways (Perlman, 2018). These two pathways are responsible of the inhibition and regulation of dopamine. Thus the increase in dopamine level cause one to feel "rewarded" giving them the "high" experience. While Cannabidiol on the other hand is thought to be responsible for the experiences of paranoia and anxiety; however the specific mechanism of this is still unknown. |
| - | + | ||
| - | THC is known to have the major effect on the brain as its structure is very similar to the neurotransmitter Anandamide and will bind to the Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and disturb the chemical neurotransmission (Figure 2). However, THC does not directly cause the "high" experience in an individual. When the THC enters the body, the CB1 and CB2 receptors are stimulated to inhibit the Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and glutamate pathways. These two pathways are responsible of the inhibition and regulation of dopamine. Thus the increase in dopamine level cause one to feel "rewarded" giving them the "high" experience. While Cannabidiol on the other hand is thought to be responsible for the experiences of paranoia and anxiety; however the specific mechanism of this is still unknown. | + | |
| + | {{ :anandamide.png?300 |}} | ||
| + | Figure 5. Molecular similarity between Anadamide to THC. | ||
| + | {{ :thc_pathway.png?300 |}} | ||
| + | Figure 6. THC pathway to effect dopamine production. | ||
| + | Cannabis primarily effects the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Hippocampus is responsible for regulating emotions and forming memories and the prefrontal cortex is responsible for controlling the reward pathways. This is why we see that individuals who smoke cannabis will experience amnesia and the feeling of rewarded. | ||
| + | {{ :pet_of_cannabis.png?300 |}} | ||
| + | Figure 7. A PET scan comparing brain activity of a normal individual versus one who have just smoked cannabis. | ||
| ====== Medicinal Uses ====== | ====== Medicinal Uses ====== | ||
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| Countries such as Brazil and France, have more regulations recording cannabis consumption and only allow the use of specific cannabinoids, such as Sativex. In Canada, Uruguay, the Netherlands and Spain, cannabis can be obtained without a medical prescription, whereas in the United States the legal status of cannabis varies by state (Kalvapalle, 2017). | Countries such as Brazil and France, have more regulations recording cannabis consumption and only allow the use of specific cannabinoids, such as Sativex. In Canada, Uruguay, the Netherlands and Spain, cannabis can be obtained without a medical prescription, whereas in the United States the legal status of cannabis varies by state (Kalvapalle, 2017). | ||
| - | {{ ::rgn4frx.png?300 |}} | + | {{ ::rgn4frx.png?700 |}} |
| - | Figure .Legality of cannabis worldwide | + | Figure 8. Legality of cannabis worldwide |
| ==== Cannabis Research ==== | ==== Cannabis Research ==== | ||
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| ====== References ====== | ====== References ====== | ||
| ADF - Drug Facts - Cannabis, Weed, Marijuana. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/cannabis/ | ADF - Drug Facts - Cannabis, Weed, Marijuana. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/cannabis/ | ||
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| + | Brodwin, E. (2015, March 18). Here's how different drugs change your brain. Retrieved November 30, 2018, from http://uk.businessinsider.com/brain-on-drugs-scans-2015-2 | ||
| Budhut. (2018). Crohn's Disease and Marijuana: Can Pot Heal Your Gut? Retrieved from https://www.budhut.net/crohns-disease-and-marijuana/ | Budhut. (2018). Crohn's Disease and Marijuana: Can Pot Heal Your Gut? Retrieved from https://www.budhut.net/crohns-disease-and-marijuana/ | ||
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| Dufton, E. (2015). The Use of Marijuana in the Rastafari Religion. Retrieved from https://pointsadhsblog.wordpress.com/2015/06/11/the-use-of-marijuana-in-the-rastafari-religion/ | Dufton, E. (2015). The Use of Marijuana in the Rastafari Religion. Retrieved from https://pointsadhsblog.wordpress.com/2015/06/11/the-use-of-marijuana-in-the-rastafari-religion/ | ||
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| + | Ghanaian Chicago Community. (2013, October 26). Health Topic of the Week: Drug Facts: Marijuana. Retrieved November 30, 2018, from http://sankofaonline.com/archives/11600 | ||
| Grotenhermen, F., & Müller-Vahl, K. (2016). Medicinal uses of marijuana and cannabinoids. Critical reviews in plant sciences, 35(5-6), 378-405. | Grotenhermen, F., & Müller-Vahl, K. (2016). Medicinal uses of marijuana and cannabinoids. Critical reviews in plant sciences, 35(5-6), 378-405. | ||
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| NIDA for Teens. (2018). Drug Facts Chat Day: Marijuana. [online] Available at: https://teens.drugabuse.gov/national-drug-alcohol-facts-week/chat-with-scientists/popular-questions/marijuana [Accessed 19 Nov. 2018]. | NIDA for Teens. (2018). Drug Facts Chat Day: Marijuana. [online] Available at: https://teens.drugabuse.gov/national-drug-alcohol-facts-week/chat-with-scientists/popular-questions/marijuana [Accessed 19 Nov. 2018]. | ||
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| + | Perlman, W. R. (2018, March 08). Why Marijuana Displeases. Retrieved November 30, 2018, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2018/03/why-marijuana-displeases | ||
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| + | Pertwee, R. G. (2008). Ligands that target cannabinoid receptors in the brain: from THC to anandamide and beyond. Addiction biology, 13(2), 147-159. | ||
| Ramirez, M. R. (2016). Potential Health Benefits of Cannabis Extracts: A Review. Journal of Chemical and Biomedical Science. Vol, 2(1), 1-8. | Ramirez, M. R. (2016). Potential Health Benefits of Cannabis Extracts: A Review. Journal of Chemical and Biomedical Science. Vol, 2(1), 1-8. | ||
