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--- group_5_presentation_3_-_effects_of_cannabis [2018/11/30 20:20]
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+++ group_5_presentation_3_-_effects_of_cannabis [2018/11/30 23:16] (current)
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 ======= Cannabis =======
+{{:cannabis_group_5.pptx|}}
 ====== Origin and Evolution ======
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 {{::screen_shot_2018-11-30_at_4.15.58_pm.png?400|}}
+Figure 1. The three different types of cannabis plant.
 ====== Uses ======
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 {{ :c-g01-eng.gif?direct&700 |}}
+Figure 2. Prevalence of cannabis use in individuals ages 15 and over distributed by frequency in use
 From these individuals who have used cannabis, it is seen that the use is not equally distributed as those who have used cannabis within the year of 2015 were in their 20s and then decreases steadily as the age increases. In those who are over the age of 55, majority have not used cannabis within the past year. Furthermore, it has been reported that 48% of men has used cannabis at least once in their life and 32% of women has used it once (Statistics Canada, 2017).
 {{ :c-g02-eng.gif?direct&600 |}}
+Figure 3. Frequency of cannabis use in individuals ages 15 and over in 2015 distributed by age
 ====== Short-term Effects of Cannabis ======
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 The smoke from cannabis can also cause a decrease in blood pressure and can damage blood vessels from the inhalation of smoke. Furthermore, those who use cannabis can have delusions or hallucinations so it is advised to be aware of any of these effects on the body (Government of Canada, 2018). It is not possible to overdose from marijuana, however, they may experience panic attacks as well as become paranoid which can lead to injury (NIDA, 2018).
-====== Diagnosis ======
 ====== Pathophysiology ======
-**Beta-Amyloid Plaque:**
+Cannabis is generally divided in to two major types, one from dried leaves also known as marijuana and the other from fresh leaves also known as Hashish (Sharma et al., 2012). These leaves are then extracted, isolated and purified to be used or consumed. Within all the compounds in cannabis ere are two specific compounds that leads to the physiological effects of cannabis, the Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD).
+{{ :thc.png?300 |}}
+Figure 4. Types of cannabis with active ingredients.
+THC is known to have the major effect on the brain as its structure is very similar to the neurotransmitter Anandamide and will bind to the Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and disturb the chemical neurotransmission (Figure 2). However, THC does not directly cause the "high" experience in an individual (Pertwee, 2008). When the THC enters the body, the CB1 and CB2 receptors are stimulated to inhibit the Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and glutamate pathways (Perlman, 2018). These two pathways are responsible of the inhibition and regulation of dopamine. Thus the increase in dopamine level cause one to feel "rewarded" giving them the "high" experience. While Cannabidiol on the other hand is thought to be responsible for the experiences of paranoia and anxiety; however the specific mechanism of this is still unknown.
-**Tau Protein and Neurofibrillary Tangle:**
+{{ :anandamide.png?300 |}}
+Figure 5. Molecular similarity between Anadamide to THC.
+{{ :thc_pathway.png?300 |}}
+Figure 6. THC pathway to effect dopamine production.
+Cannabis primarily effects the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Hippocampus is responsible for regulating emotions and forming memories and the prefrontal cortex is responsible for controlling the reward pathways. This is why we see that individuals who smoke cannabis will experience amnesia and the feeling of rewarded.
-**APO-E, Genetic Promotor:**
+{{ :pet_of_cannabis.png?300 |}}
+Figure 7. A PET scan comparing brain activity of a normal individual versus one who have just smoked cannabis.
 ====== Medicinal Uses ======
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 //__Chinese Taoism__//
 Emperor Shen Nung was the father of chinese medicine and was well aware of the psychoactive properties of cannabis. His texts explained that when smoking weed for a long period of time it bettered communication skills with the spirits (Keehn, 2015).
 //__Indian Hinduism__//
 In sacred hindu texts, it is believed that cannabis is one of the 5 sacred plants. They believed marijuana was a gift from the gods, offering happiness and would help people gain liberation (Keehn, 2015).
 //__The Old Testament__//
 In this text there was a moment where there was a burning bush in which Moses heard the voice of God. Many believe that this was a burning cannabis plant which was inspired to make anointing oil. This anointing oil was used for Jewish kings during crowning ceremonies (Keehn, 2015).
 __//Rastafari//__
 Many believe that the Tree of life mentioned in the bible is the marijuana plant and that several passages promote its use such as “thou shalt eat the herb of the field”. Rastas actually condemn the use of this substance for the sole purpose of getting high. Instead they believe it to be only used in religious ceremonies in order to enhance feelings of unity. A short prayer is often recited before the use of it (Dufton, 2015).
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 Some Key Things to Note:
 You can grow up to a maximum of 4 marijuana plants in your household (Butler, 2018). Prices will range anywhere from 10 to 12 dollars a gram in Ontario, this price is provincial specific. You can fly with up to 30 grams of weed within the country but not on international flights (Butler, 2018). In terms of work, this is regulated provincially (i.e in Calgary, officers are forbidden the right to use marijuana recreationally before they start working while in vancouver it is the discretion of the officers to self-evaluate whether or not they are sober enough for duty (Butler, 2018). In terms of driving, if 2-5 nanograms of thc is found in the blood you can face a fine of 1000$, if more than 5 nanograms are found or the use of marijuana mixed with the use of alcohol, there are larger consequences. People may be faced with up to 10 years in prison (Butler, 2018)!
-====== Drugs and Medication ======
-==== Current Treatments ====
-**Cholinesterase inhibitors:**
-**N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists:**
-**Combination Therapy:**
-====== 4 Pillars of Alzheimer's Prevention ======
-==== Pillar 1: Diet and Supplements ====
-==== Pillar 3: Yoga/Meditation ====
-==== Pillar 4: Psychological Well-Being ====
-====== Management ======
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 Countries such as Brazil and France, have more regulations recording cannabis consumption and only allow the use of specific cannabinoids, such as Sativex. In Canada, Uruguay, the Netherlands and Spain, cannabis can be obtained without a medical prescription, whereas in the United States the legal status of cannabis varies by state (Kalvapalle, 2017).
+{{ ::rgn4frx.png?700 |}}
+Figure 8. Legality of cannabis worldwide
 ==== Cannabis Research ====
@@ Line 149: / Line 136: @@
 ====== References ======
 ADF - Drug Facts - Cannabis, Weed, Marijuana. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/cannabis/
+Brodwin, E. (2015, March 18). Here's how different drugs change your brain. Retrieved November 30, 2018, from http://uk.businessinsider.com/brain-on-drugs-scans-2015-2
 Budhut. (2018). Crohn's Disease and Marijuana: Can Pot Heal Your Gut? Retrieved from https://www.budhut.net/crohns-disease-and-marijuana/
@@ Line 159: / Line 148: @@
 Dufton, E. (2015). The Use of Marijuana in the Rastafari Religion. Retrieved from https://pointsadhsblog.wordpress.com/2015/06/11/the-use-of-marijuana-in-the-rastafari-religion/
+Ghanaian Chicago Community. (2013, October 26). Health Topic of the Week: Drug Facts: Marijuana. Retrieved November 30, 2018, from http://sankofaonline.com/archives/11600
 Grotenhermen, F., & Müller-Vahl, K. (2016). Medicinal uses of marijuana and cannabinoids. Critical reviews in plant sciences, 35(5-6), 378-405.
@@ Line 169: / Line 160: @@
 NIDA for Teens. (2018). Drug Facts Chat Day: Marijuana. [online] Available at: https://teens.drugabuse.gov/national-drug-alcohol-facts-week/chat-with-scientists/popular-questions/marijuana [Accessed 19 Nov. 2018].
+Perlman, W. R. (2018, March 08). Why Marijuana Displeases. Retrieved November 30, 2018, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2018/03/why-marijuana-displeases
+Pertwee, R. G. (2008). Ligands that target cannabinoid receptors in the brain: from THC to anandamide and beyond. Addiction biology, 13(2), 147-159.
 Ramirez, M. R. (2016). Potential Health Benefits of Cannabis Extracts: A Review. Journal of Chemical and Biomedical Science. Vol, 2(1), 1-8.
+Sharma, P., Murthy, P., & Bharath, M. S. (2012). Chemistry, metabolism, and toxicology of cannabis: clinical implications. Iranian journal of psychiatry, 7(4), 149.
 Sharp, A. (2018, January 16). Understanding Cannabis: Its Origin, Its Evolution, and Its Species. Retrieved from https://siranaturals.org/cannabis-origin-evolution/

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