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group_5_presentation_3_-_anorexia [2018/03/31 01:20] bhattvj [Diagnosis / Symptoms] |
group_5_presentation_3_-_anorexia [2018/03/31 01:25] (current) bhattvj [Etiology] |
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| ====== Introduction ====== | ====== Introduction ====== | ||
| - | Anorexia is a life threatening mental illness that typically begins around puberty but can occur at any age. It is characterized by persistent behaviours that interfere with maintaining an adequate weight for health, a powerful fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, disturbance in how the person experiences their weight and shape and the individual not fully appreciating the seriousness of their condition. If these characteristics are seen over a period of a least three months an individual can be diagnosed with anorexia (Nedic, 2014). | + | Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life threatening mental illness that typically begins around puberty but can occur at any age. It is characterized by persistent behaviours that interfere with maintaining an adequate weight for health, a powerful fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, disturbance in how the person experiences their weight and shape and the individual not fully appreciating the seriousness of their condition. If these characteristics are seen over a period of a least three months an individual can be diagnosed with anorexia (Nedic, 2014). |
| Persistent behaviours that interfere with maintaining an adequate weight for health includes: restricting food, compensating for food intake through intense exercise, and/or purging through self-induced vomiting or misuse of medications like laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or insulin. In the past anorexia used to be specifically associated with weight loss, making it difficult to recognize in children and adolescents. Weight gain is needed in children and adolescents in order to support healthy growth and development. Therefore, failing to gain weight or grow is just as concerning as weight loss (Nedic, 2014). | Persistent behaviours that interfere with maintaining an adequate weight for health includes: restricting food, compensating for food intake through intense exercise, and/or purging through self-induced vomiting or misuse of medications like laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or insulin. In the past anorexia used to be specifically associated with weight loss, making it difficult to recognize in children and adolescents. Weight gain is needed in children and adolescents in order to support healthy growth and development. Therefore, failing to gain weight or grow is just as concerning as weight loss (Nedic, 2014). | ||
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| ====== History ====== | ====== History ====== | ||
| - | Though not termed as anorexia nervosa, this condition has been seen since the Hellenistic era and has continued through the Middle Ages (Pini et al., 2016). During these times, it was focused on religious fasting, spiritual purity and self- sacrifice. The term, anorexia nervosa was first established by Sir William Gull in 1873; Sir William Gull made observations of this condition and presented it to the British Medical Association in Oxford, England (Pini et al., 2016). At the same time, French physician, Ernest- Charles Lasègue also published details of cases the same year that the term was created, his work concentrated more on the psychological symptoms and examined the role of parental and family interactions (Pini et al., 2016). Anorexia nervosa was the first eating disorder to be placed into the first DSM edition and it was not until 1980 that the body image disturbance criteria was a diagnostic criterion (Pini et al., 2016). In the DSM 5, it is now under the “other specified feeding or eating disorder” along with bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), rumination disorder and pica (Pini et al., 2016). | + | Though not termed as anorexia nervosa at the beginning, this condition has been seen since the Hellenistic era and has continued through the Middle Ages (Pini et al., 2016). During these times, it was focused on religious fasting, spiritual purity and self- sacrifice. The term, anorexia nervosa was first established by Sir William Gull in 1873; Sir William Gull made observations of this condition and presented it to the British Medical Association in Oxford, England (Pini et al., 2016). At the same time, French physician, Ernest- Charles Lasègue also published details of cases the same year that the term was created, his work concentrated more on the psychological symptoms and examined the role of parental and family interactions (Pini et al., 2016). Anorexia nervosa was the first eating disorder to be placed into the first DSM edition and it was not until 1980 that the body image disturbance criteria was a diagnostic criterion (Pini et al., 2016). In the DSM 5, it is now under the “other specified feeding or eating disorder” along with bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), rumination disorder and pica (Pini et al., 2016). |
| <box 50%| > {{ :anorexia_gull.png?200 |}} </box| | <box 50%| > {{ :anorexia_gull.png?200 |}} </box| | ||
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| Anorexia nervosa has no specific origin as it is difficult to separate whether the starvation causes the cascade in the body or whether it is the anorexia condition itself. Three major aspects have been highlighted as areas of special interest including the biology, psychology and environmental factors. | Anorexia nervosa has no specific origin as it is difficult to separate whether the starvation causes the cascade in the body or whether it is the anorexia condition itself. Three major aspects have been highlighted as areas of special interest including the biology, psychology and environmental factors. | ||
| - | Looking at the biology of the condition, it is seen that heritability can have a major influence in its development. The incidence rates of heritability can be influenced by from 50%-75% through various assessments (Bulik 2010). It should also be noted that there is no direct link of a gene affecting however a cascade if genes have not been identified. The serotonin pathway as described in the pathophysiology has been highlighted as a key factor in the progression of anorexia nervosa (Kaye et al. 2009). | + | Looking at the biology of the condition, it is seen that heritability can have a major influence in its development. The incidence rates of heritability can be influenced by from 50%-75% through various assessments (Bulik, 2010). It should also be noted that there is no direct link of a gene affecting however a cascade if genes have not been identified. The serotonin pathway as described in the pathophysiology has been highlighted as a key factor in the progression of anorexia nervosa (Kaye et al., 2009). |
| - | The psychology behind the condition indicated that those with a tendency of obsessive-compulsive personality traits are individuals with an increased probability of developing this. Anorexia nervosa alleviates the propagation of anxious behaviours in lieu of a continuous fear of food and gaining weight (Rothenburg 1988). | + | The psychology behind the condition indicated that those with a tendency of obsessive-compulsive personality traits are individuals with an increased probability of developing this. Anorexia nervosa alleviates the propagation of anxious behaviours in lieu of a continuous fear of food and gaining weight (Rothenburg, 1988). |
| - | Environmental factors, especially through the influence of western culture, drives the desire to be thin as it represents success and worth. The media often perpetuates a culture of continuous scrutiny over one’s body, idolizing the thin (Mayo Clinic). | + | Environmental factors, especially through the influence of western culture, drives the desire to be thin as it represents success and worth. The media often perpetuates a culture of continuous scrutiny over one’s body, idolizing the thin (Mayo Clinic, 2018). |
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| Micali, N., Hagberg, K. W., Petersen, I., & Treasure, J. L. (2013). The incidence of eating disorders in the UK in 2000–2009: findings from the General Practice Research Database. BMJ Open, 3(5). | Micali, N., Hagberg, K. W., Petersen, I., & Treasure, J. L. (2013). The incidence of eating disorders in the UK in 2000–2009: findings from the General Practice Research Database. BMJ Open, 3(5). | ||
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| + | Mitchell, J. E., & Crow, S. (2006). Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19(4), 438-443. | ||
| Nedic. (2018). National Eating Disorder Information Center. Nedic.ca. Retrieved 24 March 2018, from http://nedic.ca/know-facts/overview | Nedic. (2018). National Eating Disorder Information Center. Nedic.ca. Retrieved 24 March 2018, from http://nedic.ca/know-facts/overview | ||
