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group_5_presentation_1_-_osteoporosis [2018/09/28 19:03] osujic |
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| ====== Introduction ====== | ====== Introduction ====== | ||
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| The human skeleton is composed of 206 bones. Bones are composed of tissue, proteins, minerals and vitamins. The formation, modelling and breakdown of bone is regulated by bone cells such as osteoblasts, and osteoclasts (International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2017). Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for producing and secreting bone matrix proteins for bone synthesis and remodelling, while osteoclasts are responsible for bone breakdown through the reabsorption. When the activity of osteoclasts surpasses the bone formation by osteoblasts, the bones become brittle and porous leaving them susceptible to fractures(International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2017). As the population ages, osteoporosis poses an increasing social and medical demand on individuals, caregivers and healthcare providers. Currently, prevention, detection and management are instrumental in managing this condition (Cosman et al., 2014). | The human skeleton is composed of 206 bones. Bones are composed of tissue, proteins, minerals and vitamins. The formation, modelling and breakdown of bone is regulated by bone cells such as osteoblasts, and osteoclasts (International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2017). Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for producing and secreting bone matrix proteins for bone synthesis and remodelling, while osteoclasts are responsible for bone breakdown through the reabsorption. When the activity of osteoclasts surpasses the bone formation by osteoblasts, the bones become brittle and porous leaving them susceptible to fractures(International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2017). As the population ages, osteoporosis poses an increasing social and medical demand on individuals, caregivers and healthcare providers. Currently, prevention, detection and management are instrumental in managing this condition (Cosman et al., 2014). | ||
| - | {{ :osteo_1.jpg?direct&400 |}} | + | {{ :osteo_1.jpg?direct&400 |}} **Figure 1:** Healthy bone vs. bone with osteoporosis as identified by porous quality. |
| ====== History ====== | ====== History ====== | ||
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| ==== Risk Factors ==== | ==== Risk Factors ==== | ||
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| + | Risk factors for osteoporosis differ between individuals under and over the age of 50. | ||
| Younger adults (age < 50 years): | Younger adults (age < 50 years): | ||
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| In females, menopause usually leads to the loss of bone mass. When menopause occurs, the hormone progesterone is deficient. Some supporting data from 1990 suggests that progesterone plays the role of being a bone formation-stimulating hormone. Although supported, nothing is concrete as this hormone regulated by estrogen, thereby including multiple confounding variables (Wark, 1993). | In females, menopause usually leads to the loss of bone mass. When menopause occurs, the hormone progesterone is deficient. Some supporting data from 1990 suggests that progesterone plays the role of being a bone formation-stimulating hormone. Although supported, nothing is concrete as this hormone regulated by estrogen, thereby including multiple confounding variables (Wark, 1993). | ||
| - | In males studies have been done linking bone mineral densities to testosterone levels. When comparing the estrogen level of males, the group of males with the highest levels had the highest bone mineral density, while the group of males with the lowest estrogen levels had the highest risk of a hip fracture. In contrast, when measuring levels of testosterone, there was no significant difference in hip fracture risk when looking at hypogonadal men versus eugonadal men. This supports the fact that the hormone estrogen plays more of a role in bone health in comparison to testosterone. | + | In males studies have been done linking bone mineral densities to testosterone levels. When comparing the estrogen level of males, the group of males with the highest levels had the highest bone mineral density, while the group of males with the lowest estrogen levels had the highest risk of a hip fracture. In contrast, when measuring levels of testosterone, there was no significant difference in hip fracture risk when looking at hypogonadal men versus eugonadal men. This supports the fact that the hormone estrogen plays more of a role in bone health in comparison to testosterone (Golds et al., 2017). |
| ====== Treatments - Prevention & Management ====== | ====== Treatments - Prevention & Management ====== | ||
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| ====== Conclusion ====== | ====== Conclusion ====== | ||
| - | Osteoporosis is set to become a major health concern with an ageing population. Scientists have identified human stem cells that develop into the bone, cartilage, and other tissues that make up the body’s skeleton | + | Osteoporosis is set to become a major health concern with an ageing population. Scientists have identified human stem cells that develop into the bone, cartilage, and other tissues that make up the body’s skeleton (Price et al., 2018). This will one day help doctors repair or replace joint cartilage, heal broken bones more quickly, and build up bone in osteoporosis patients. Additionally, a new genetic screen may predict a person’s future risk of osteoporosis and bone fracture and may allow for more preventative measures (University of Stanford, 2018). |
| - | This will one day help doctors repair or replace joint cartilage, heal broken bones more quickly, and build up bone in osteoporosis patients. Additionally, a new genetic screen may predict a person’s future risk of osteoporosis and bone fracture and may allow for more preventative measures. | + | |
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| Bone Mass Measurement: What the Numbers Mean (2018). | NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center. | Bone Mass Measurement: What the Numbers Mean (2018). | NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center. | ||
| Cosman, F., De Beur, S. J., LeBoff, M. S., Lewiecki, E. M., Tanner, B., Randall, S., & Lindsay, R. (2014). Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis international, 25(10), 2359-2381. | Cosman, F., De Beur, S. J., LeBoff, M. S., Lewiecki, E. M., Tanner, B., Randall, S., & Lindsay, R. (2014). Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis international, 25(10), 2359-2381. | ||
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| + | Fracturedtruths.com. (2018). Different Types of Osteoporosis Fractures | Radius Health. [online] Available at: https://www.fracturedtruths.com/osteoporosis-fracture-facts [Accessed 29 Sep. 2018]. | ||
| Gardner, M., Demetrakopoulos, D., Shindle, M., Griffith, M. and Lane, J. (2006). Osteoporosis and Skeletal Fractures. HSS Journal, 2(1), pp.62-69. | Gardner, M., Demetrakopoulos, D., Shindle, M., Griffith, M. and Lane, J. (2006). Osteoporosis and Skeletal Fractures. HSS Journal, 2(1), pp.62-69. | ||
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| + | Golds, G., Houdek, D., & Arnason, T. (2017). Male hypogonadism and osteoporosis: the effects, clinical consequences, and treatment of testosterone deficiency in bone health. International journal of endocrinology, 2017. | ||
| Government of Canada. (2016, September 16). Osteoporosis Awareness Month – Exposing The Bone Thief. Retrieved from https://infobase.phac-aspc.gc.ca/datalab/osteo-blog-en.html?=undefined&wbdisable=true | Government of Canada. (2016, September 16). Osteoporosis Awareness Month – Exposing The Bone Thief. Retrieved from https://infobase.phac-aspc.gc.ca/datalab/osteo-blog-en.html?=undefined&wbdisable=true | ||
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| Masi, L. (2008). Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Clinical cases in mineral and bone metabolism, 5(1), 11. | Masi, L. (2008). Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Clinical cases in mineral and bone metabolism, 5(1), 11. | ||
| - | National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2018). Osteoporosis and Your Spine - National Osteoporosis Foundation. [online] Available at: https://www.nof.org/patients/fracturesfall-prevention/exercisesafe- | + | National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2018). Osteoporosis and Your Spine - National Osteoporosis Foundation. [online] Available at: https://www.nof.org/patients/fracturesfall-prevention/exercisesafe-movement/osteoporosis-and-your-spine/ [Accessed 24 Sep. 2018]. |
| Osteoporosis - Canadian Cancer Society. [online] Available at: http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/diagnosis-and-treatment/managing-side-effects/osteoporosis/?region=on#ixzz5QdWol1aw [Accessed 24 Sep. 2018]. | Osteoporosis - Canadian Cancer Society. [online] Available at: http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/diagnosis-and-treatment/managing-side-effects/osteoporosis/?region=on#ixzz5QdWol1aw [Accessed 24 Sep. 2018]. | ||
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| Paul Lips, Tu Duong, Anna Oleksik, Dennis Black, Steven Cummings, David Cox, Thomas Nickelsen; A Global Study of Vitamin D Status and Parathyroid Function in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis: Baseline Data from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation Clinical Trial, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 86, Issue 3, 1 March 2001, Pages 1212–1221, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.3.7327 | Paul Lips, Tu Duong, Anna Oleksik, Dennis Black, Steven Cummings, David Cox, Thomas Nickelsen; A Global Study of Vitamin D Status and Parathyroid Function in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis: Baseline Data from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation Clinical Trial, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 86, Issue 3, 1 March 2001, Pages 1212–1221, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.3.7327 | ||
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| + | Price, M., Román, V., Wadman, M., Mlot, C., Schembri, F., & Servick, K. (2018, September 20). Skeletal stem cells found in humans for first time, promising new treatments for fractures and osteoporosis. Retrieved from https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/09/skeletal-stem-cells-found-humans-first-time-promising-new-treatments-fractures-and | ||
| Public Health Agency of Canada. (2018, January 12). Osteoporosis. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/chronic-diseases/osteoporosis.html | Public Health Agency of Canada. (2018, January 12). Osteoporosis. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/chronic-diseases/osteoporosis.html | ||
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| Rachner, T. D., Khosla, S., & Hofbauer, L. C. (2011). Osteoporosis: now and the future. The Lancet, 377(9773), 1276-1287. | Rachner, T. D., Khosla, S., & Hofbauer, L. C. (2011). Osteoporosis: now and the future. The Lancet, 377(9773), 1276-1287. | ||
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| + | Return2Health. (2018). Osteoporosis: How dense are you?. [online] Available at: http://www.return2health.net/articles/osteoporosis-how-dense-are-you/ [Accessed 29 Sep. 2018]. | ||
| Spine Fractures. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://osteoporosis.ca/bone-health-osteoporosis/living-with-the-disease/after-the-fracture/what-to-expect-from-some-specific-types-of-fracture/spine-fractures/ | Spine Fractures. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://osteoporosis.ca/bone-health-osteoporosis/living-with-the-disease/after-the-fracture/what-to-expect-from-some-specific-types-of-fracture/spine-fractures/ | ||
| Sozen, T., Ozisik, L. and Calik Basaran, N. (2017). An overview and management of osteoporosis. European Journal of Rheumatology, 4(1), pp.46-56. | Sozen, T., Ozisik, L. and Calik Basaran, N. (2017). An overview and management of osteoporosis. European Journal of Rheumatology, 4(1), pp.46-56. | ||
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| + | University of Stanford. (2018, August 30). Gene Screen Predicts Bone Fracture Risk. Retrieved from https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/news/gene-screen-predicts-bone-fracture-risk-308282 | ||
| Wark, J. D. (1993). 8 Osteoporosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management. Baillière's clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 7(1), 151-181. | Wark, J. D. (1993). 8 Osteoporosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management. Baillière's clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 7(1), 151-181. | ||
