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group_4_presentation_3_-burns [2017/11/30 23:13] collija2 [Pathophysiology] |
group_4_presentation_3_-burns [2018/01/25 15:18] (current) |
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| A burn is acquired through contact with the cause of the heat on the skin or other organs. Burn injuries often occur either in the home or at work and are the cause of the most non-life threatening morbidities to the body. Unlike uncontrollable life threatening injuries burns can be easily preventable through proper protection, knowledge and training. Knowing the forms and causes of heat you can potentially be exposed to is very important to limit the amount of burns people acquire. Also, knowing the risk factors pertaining to different areas can be helpful to know what forms and causes are more common in that area (World Health Organization, 2017). | A burn is acquired through contact with the cause of the heat on the skin or other organs. Burn injuries often occur either in the home or at work and are the cause of the most non-life threatening morbidities to the body. Unlike uncontrollable life threatening injuries burns can be easily preventable through proper protection, knowledge and training. Knowing the forms and causes of heat you can potentially be exposed to is very important to limit the amount of burns people acquire. Also, knowing the risk factors pertaining to different areas can be helpful to know what forms and causes are more common in that area (World Health Organization, 2017). | ||
| - | **Figure 1** - This image shows the common cooking conditions in developing countries. | + | **Figure 1:** This image shows the common cooking conditions in developing countries. |
| {{ :presentation_3_cooking.jpg?200|}} | {{ :presentation_3_cooking.jpg?200|}} | ||
| Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
| * Chemicals (World Health Organization, 2017) | * Chemicals (World Health Organization, 2017) | ||
| - | **Figure 2** - Image of a mechanic near a heat source. | + | **Figure 2:** Image of a mechanic near a heat source. |
| {{ :presentation_3_mechanic.jpg?200|}} | {{ :presentation_3_mechanic.jpg?200|}} | ||
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| {{::burns-9.jpeg?300|}} | {{::burns-9.jpeg?300|}} | ||
| - | **Figure 3** - This image shows the progression of first, second and third degree burns. | + | **Figure 3:** This image shows the progression of first, second and third degree burns. |
| === First Degree Burns === | === First Degree Burns === | ||
| Line 107: | Line 107: | ||
| {{:baux.png|}} | {{:baux.png|}} | ||
| - | **Figure 4** - This is the original Baux score equation, used to determine the risk of mortality for a burn patient. (Krob et al., 1991) | + | **Figure 4:**This is the original Baux score equation, used to determine the risk of mortality for a burn patient. (Krob et al., 1991) |
| Later research modified the Baux scale to include inhalation injury. If a patient suffered from inhalation injury, they would have 17 added to their final score (Krob et al., 1991). | Later research modified the Baux scale to include inhalation injury. If a patient suffered from inhalation injury, they would have 17 added to their final score (Krob et al., 1991). | ||
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| **Local Response** | **Local Response** | ||
| - | **Figure 5** - This figure shows the local response zones on the inflicted area. | + | **Figure 5:** This figure shows the local response zones on the inflicted area. |
| {{ :jackson_burn_zones.jpg?300|}} | {{ :jackson_burn_zones.jpg?300|}} | ||
| Line 125: | Line 125: | ||
| **Systemic Response** | **Systemic Response** | ||
| - | **Figure 6** - This picture illustrates the systemic response to the burn. | + | **Figure 6:** This figure illustrates the systemic response to the burn. |
| {{ :image039.jpg?300|}} | {{ :image039.jpg?300|}} | ||
| Line 160: | Line 160: | ||
| **Surgical Treatment** | **Surgical Treatment** | ||
| + | |||
| + | **Figure 7:** Image of a procedure on a severely burnt patient. | ||
| {{ :bzbkzqviuaactno.jpg?300|}} | {{ :bzbkzqviuaactno.jpg?300|}} | ||
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| Debridement of burn wounds is another procedure which involves removal of loose, devitalized necrotic contaminated tissue, foreign bodies and other debris on the wound using mechanical and sharp techniques (Kagan et al, 2009). Wound healing is optimized when wound surfaces are clean with minimal microbial colonization and necrotic debris present (Kagan et al, 2009). | Debridement of burn wounds is another procedure which involves removal of loose, devitalized necrotic contaminated tissue, foreign bodies and other debris on the wound using mechanical and sharp techniques (Kagan et al, 2009). Wound healing is optimized when wound surfaces are clean with minimal microbial colonization and necrotic debris present (Kagan et al, 2009). | ||
| - | Excision of burn wounds is a surgical procedure which requires incision through the deep dermis of open wounds, burn eschar and burn scars (Kagan et al, 2009). This involves surgical removal of all necrotic tissue. Excision of burn scars could also be performed on deep burn that would not heal on their own (Kagan et al, 2009). The goal is to remove all necrotic and viable tissue and to prepare the wound for immediate or delayed would closure (Kagan et al, 2009). {{ :jkma-57-695-g002-l.jpg?300|}} | + | Excision of burn wounds is a surgical procedure which requires incision through the deep dermis of open wounds, burn eschar and burn scars (Kagan et al, 2009). This involves surgical removal of all necrotic tissue. Excision of burn scars could also be performed on deep burn that would not heal on their own (Kagan et al, 2009). The goal is to remove all necrotic and viable tissue and to prepare the wound for immediate or delayed would closure (Kagan et al, 2009). |
| + | |||
| + | **Figure 8:** This figure shows the progress of skin grafting on a patient with a burnt hand. | ||
| + | {{ :jkma-57-695-g002-l.jpg?300|}} | ||
| **Grafting** | **Grafting** | ||
| - | Skin grafting is a type of surgery used to treat burn patients. It is performed under anesthesia where healthy skin is taken from a section on your body defined as the donor site (Skin graft, 2017). Two types of skin graft procedures are available (Plastic Surgery, 2017). Split-thickness grafts involve the transplant of only a few layers of the outer skin whereas full-thickness grafts encompass all of the dermis, resulting in permanent scarring. Most individuals have a split-thickness skin graft which involves taking the epidermis and dermis layers of the donor site (Skin graft, 2017). The donor site is taken from sections of the body that are usually covered, such as buttocks or inner thigh regions. The graft is spread on the bare region in need of covering and is held together by a dressing and a few stitches (Plastic Surgery, 2017). A sterile dressing covers the donor site for 3 to 5 days to prevent any infections from arising. Split-thickness skin grafts tend to have a quick recovery period compared to full-thickness skin grafts which tend to require longer hospital stays (Skin graft, 2017). | + | Skin grafting is a type of surgery used to treat burn patients. It is performed under anesthesia where healthy skin is taken from a section of your body defined as the donor site (Skin graft, 2017). Two types of skin graft procedures are available (Plastic Surgery, 2017). Split-thickness grafts involve the transplant of only a few layers of the outer skin whereas full-thickness grafts encompass all of the dermis, resulting in permanent scarring. Most individuals have a split-thickness skin graft which involves taking the epidermis and dermis layers of the donor site (Skin graft, 2017). The donor site is taken from sections of the body that are usually covered, such as buttocks or inner thigh regions. The graft is spread on the bare region in need of covering and is held together by a dressing and a few stitches (Plastic Surgery, 2017). A sterile dressing covers the donor site for 3 to 5 days to prevent any infections from arising. Split-thickness skin grafts tend to have a quick recovery period compared to full-thickness skin grafts which tend to require longer hospital stays (Skin graft, 2017). |
| + | **Figure 9**: Skin graft procedure. | ||
| {{:skingraft1.jpg?200|}} | {{:skingraft1.jpg?200|}} | ||
| - | |||
| - | **Figure#:** Skin graft procedure. | ||
| http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/j.gough/lectures/te/13_skin/page7.html | http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/j.gough/lectures/te/13_skin/page7.html | ||
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| The amount of burn victims and severity has caused the creation of burn centers. Within these burn centres is what is now known as burn teams. The teams consist of individuals from a variety of areas in the health field to have a multidisciplinary approach. One health professional on their own does not have the knowledge and experience to deal with the physical burn and the psychological affects that come with it. Without burn units and their teams, individuals that are inflicted with burns will go to a general hospital and receive care like any other patient where they are treated for the infliction and not on an individual level (Edwards, Heard, Latenser, Quinn, van Bruggen , & Jovic, 2011). | The amount of burn victims and severity has caused the creation of burn centers. Within these burn centres is what is now known as burn teams. The teams consist of individuals from a variety of areas in the health field to have a multidisciplinary approach. One health professional on their own does not have the knowledge and experience to deal with the physical burn and the psychological affects that come with it. Without burn units and their teams, individuals that are inflicted with burns will go to a general hospital and receive care like any other patient where they are treated for the infliction and not on an individual level (Edwards, Heard, Latenser, Quinn, van Bruggen , & Jovic, 2011). | ||
| - | Burn Team Professionals: {{ :burn_team_good_.jpeg?300|}} | + | Burn Team Professionals: |
| + | |||
| + | **Figure 10:** Image of a burn team working on a patient. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{ :burn_team_good_.jpeg?300|}} | ||
| * Burn Surgeons: The leaders of the team. Organize and implement the care of the patient. Since the locations of burns varies, different types of surgeons are needed depending on where the burn is located. They need to be able to lead and communicate with the team as well as know when to seek the expertise of another team member (Al-Mousawi, Mecott-Rivera, Jeschke, & Herndon, 2009). | * Burn Surgeons: The leaders of the team. Organize and implement the care of the patient. Since the locations of burns varies, different types of surgeons are needed depending on where the burn is located. They need to be able to lead and communicate with the team as well as know when to seek the expertise of another team member (Al-Mousawi, Mecott-Rivera, Jeschke, & Herndon, 2009). | ||
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| Atiyeh et al. (2009) highlight three main strategies that aim to reduce harm from injuries which include education, product design and environmental change, and legislation and regulation. In the strategies figure, strategies to reduce harm from injuries emphasize an active and passive approach. The educational strategy is an active approach focused on the individual (host) to help them avoid injury by modifying their environment to reduce the likelihood of injury. By knowing the environmental risks, it is more likely that preventative behavior will happen in an individual. Passive injury prevention involves product and environment modification. Product modification can be influenced by education the public to ask for safer products, and they can create pressure on authorities to produce prevention legislations (Atiyeh et al.,2009). | Atiyeh et al. (2009) highlight three main strategies that aim to reduce harm from injuries which include education, product design and environmental change, and legislation and regulation. In the strategies figure, strategies to reduce harm from injuries emphasize an active and passive approach. The educational strategy is an active approach focused on the individual (host) to help them avoid injury by modifying their environment to reduce the likelihood of injury. By knowing the environmental risks, it is more likely that preventative behavior will happen in an individual. Passive injury prevention involves product and environment modification. Product modification can be influenced by education the public to ask for safer products, and they can create pressure on authorities to produce prevention legislations (Atiyeh et al.,2009). | ||
| {{:injury_prevention_figure.jpg|}} | {{:injury_prevention_figure.jpg|}} | ||
| - | **Figure. 8** – Strategies to reduce harm from injury (Atiyeh et al., 2009) | + | **Figure 11:** Strategies to reduce harm from injury. |
| **Home Prevention Strategies** | **Home Prevention Strategies** | ||
