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group_4_presentation_3_-_alcohol_consumption [2018/03/30 22:20] chowds6 |
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| - | Alcohol consumption is major activity across the world, enabling states of drunkenness at certain blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) levels, as well as blackout and hungover states at excessive degrees. When drunk, the body is in a state of euphoria as the liver works hard to quickly metabolize the incoming alcohol being received. However when there is more alcohol than can be metabolized, the rest is distributed to other bodily organs. Alcohol consumption is also known to affect the inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, or respectively the glutamate neurotransmitter and the GABA neurotransmitter. Alterations in these neurotransmitters results in impairment. When more levels are alcohol are in a dangerously high state a blackout can occur. Recent research has demonstrated that blackouts are the result of alcohol interfering with the hippocampus NMDA receptors, impacting long-term potentiation and thus the ability to process long-term memory. The reason why a loss of memory is observed for those in a blackout phase is due to a downregulation of NMDA and the potentiation of GABAA receptor transmission. This occurs mainly within the pyramidal hippocampal cells, but can occur in other brain regions as well. The next day a hangover can then ensue. An alcohol hangover is defined as unpleasant and adverse physical and mental effects that occur the following morning after the intake of toxic doses of alcohol, and can last up to 24 hours. Symptoms of hangovers may cause serious problems with memory, concentration, and dexterity which may impact the individual’s life throughout school, the workplace, or completing many tasks. The underlying cause of a hangover at the neurochemical level is unknown. There are several hypotheses such as the acetaldehyde hypothesis, after-effects hypothesis, and the immunity hypothesis. The popular hypothesis, Immunity hypothesis, is thought that hangovers could be due to a cyclic communication of ones brain to the immune system, but research is lacking and further understanding is required. | + | Alcohol consumption is major activity across the world, enabling states of drunkenness at certain blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels, as well as blackout and hungover states at excessive degrees. When drunk, the body is in a state of euphoria as the liver works hard to quickly metabolize the incoming alcohol being received. However when there is more alcohol than can be metabolized, the rest is distributed to other bodily organs. Alcohol consumption is also known to affect the inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, or respectively the glutamate neurotransmitter and the GABA neurotransmitter. Alterations in these neurotransmitters results in impairment. When more levels are alcohol are in a dangerously high state a blackout can occur. Recent research has demonstrated that blackouts are the result of alcohol interfering with the hippocampus NMDA receptors, impacting long-term potentiation and thus the ability to process long-term memory. The reason why a loss of memory is observed for those in a blackout phase is due to a downregulation of NMDA and the potentiation of GABAA receptor transmission. This occurs mainly within the pyramidal hippocampal cells, but can occur in other brain regions as well. The next day a hangover can then ensue. An alcohol hangover is defined as unpleasant and adverse physical and mental effects that occur the following morning after the intake of toxic doses of alcohol, and can last up to 24 hours. Symptoms of hangovers may cause serious problems with memory, concentration, and dexterity which may impact the individual’s life throughout school, the workplace, or completing many tasks. The underlying cause of a hangover at the neurochemical level is unknown. There are several hypotheses such as the acetaldehyde hypothesis, after-effects hypothesis, and the immunity hypothesis. The popular hypothesis, Immunity hypothesis, is thought that hangovers could be due to a cyclic communication of ones brain to the immune system, but research is lacking and further understanding is required. |
| There are several treatments in regards to the hangover phase, alcohol poisoning that may occur during the drunk or blackout phase, and addiction to alcohol, however, there are no specific treatments for the drunk or blackout phase. To treat a hangover, one must replenish electrolytes and any sodium lost the night before. To treat alcohol poisoning, one must go through supportive care and monitoring and be given fluids intravenously. Finally, to treat alcohol addiction, a physician may recommend, Detoxification, Behaviour Modification, Counseling or Medication. To prevent all of this, one must drink slowly with plenty of water in between and also drink on a full stomach. | There are several treatments in regards to the hangover phase, alcohol poisoning that may occur during the drunk or blackout phase, and addiction to alcohol, however, there are no specific treatments for the drunk or blackout phase. To treat a hangover, one must replenish electrolytes and any sodium lost the night before. To treat alcohol poisoning, one must go through supportive care and monitoring and be given fluids intravenously. Finally, to treat alcohol addiction, a physician may recommend, Detoxification, Behaviour Modification, Counseling or Medication. To prevent all of this, one must drink slowly with plenty of water in between and also drink on a full stomach. | ||
