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--- group_4_presentation_2_-aplastic_anemia [2017/11/02 17:44]
singarm [Epidemiology]
+++ group_4_presentation_2_-aplastic_anemia [2018/01/25 15:18] (current)
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-http://www.haematologica.org/content/93/4/489#sec-1
-http://www.haematologica.org/content/93/4/489.short
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 {{:aplastic_symptom.png?300|}} {{::bruise_clinical.png?300|}}
-Hussain, S. K. (2017, April 03). Aplastic Anemia and MDS Awareness Week: Let's Fight Against Anemia. Retrieved October 19, 2017, from https://www.consumerhealthdigest.com/health-awareness/aplastic-anemia-and-mds-awareness-week.html
+**Figure 1:** Various symptoms that are observed with aplastic anemia and clinical presentation (Hussain, S. K, 2017).
-**Figure 1:** Various symptoms that are observed with aplastic anemia and clinical presentation.
 === Myelodysplastic Syndrome ===
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 {{:myelodysplastic.png|}}
-Myelodysplastic Syndrome - Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prognosis. (2017, May 31). Retrieved October 19, 2017, from http://www.medindia.net/patientinfo/myelodysplastic-syndrome.htm
-**Figure 2:** The image above depicts abnormally formed blood cells within the bone marrow of a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome.
+**Figure 2:** The image above depicts abnormally formed blood cells within the bone marrow of a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome (Myelodysplastic Syndrome, 2017).
 ===== Pathophysiology =====
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 {{::bloodcells_aplastic.png?300|}}
-Aplastic Anemia & Myelodysplastic Syndromes. (2014, May 01). Retrieved October 19, 2017, from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/blood-diseases/aplastic-anemia-myelodysplastic-syndromes
+**Figure 3:** This image shows the decrease in available blood cells circulating in an individual with aplastic anemia. It is important to note that the blood cells released into the stream are physiologically normal. The decreased number of blood cells is what causes the symptoms of aplastic anemia (Aplastic Anemia & Myelodysplastic Syndromes, 2014).
-**Figure 3:** This image shows the decrease in available blood cells circulating in an individual with aplastic anemia. It is important to note that the blood cells released into the stream are physiologically normal. The decreased number of blood cells is what causes the symptoms of aplastic anemia.
 Bone marrow is red and spongy material in your bone that produces stem cells which give rise to a number of cells in the blood (N., 2016). Aplastic bone marrow means the marrow is empty, or contains very few blood cells (hypoplastic). Stem cells in bone marrow produce red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. There are a number of factors that can temporarily or permanently affect the ability of bone marrow to produce blood cells, including: radiation & chemotherapy, exposure to toxic chemicals, use of certain drugs, autoimmune disorders, viral infections, and even pregnancy (N., 2016). When stem cells are damaged from these factors, they are unable to produce blood cells, and further replicate themselves, therefore cell numbers will continue to decrease, limiting the number of blood cells that can be released into the bloodstream.
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 {{::pathway_aa1.png?300|}}
-N. (2016, February 15). Getting to know Aplastic Anemia. Retrieved October 19, 2017, from http://nursingcrib.com/nursing-notes-reviewer/getting-to-know-aplastic-anemia/
+**Figure 4:** This image shows the three damaged pathways of the bone marrow stem cells to produce RBCs, WBCs & platelets (Getting to know Aplastic Anemia, 2016).
-**Figure 4:** This image shows the three damaged pathways of the bone marrow stem cells to produce RBCs, WBCs & platelets.
 === Stem Cells ===
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 {{:multipotent.png|}}
-Stem Cells and Types of Stem Cells. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2017, from https://explorecuriocity.org/Explore/ArticleId/2439/stem-cells-and-types-of-stem-cells-2439.aspx
+**Figure 5:** This image depicts the pathway of a multipotent stem cell differentiating into many different specialized blood cells (Stem Cells and Types of Stem Cells, 2017).
-**Figure 5:** This image depicts the pathway of a multipotent stem cell differentiating into many different specialized blood cells.
 === Red Blood Cells ===
@@ Line 156: / Line 145: @@
 {{:ironn.png|}}
-Stem Cells and Types of Stem Cells. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2017, from https://explorecuriocity.org/Explore/ArticleId/2439/stem-cells-and-types-of-stem-cells-2439.aspx
+**Figure 6:** This image shows the development of red blood cells originating as stem cells in the bone marrow to full development as mature red blood cells released into the bloodstream (Stem Cells and Types of Stem Cells, n.d.).
-**Figure 6:** This image shows the development of red blood cells originating as stem cells in the bone marrow to full development as mature red blood cells released into the bloodstream.
 === White Blood Cells ===
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 {{:1234.jpg?300|}}
-What is a platelet? (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2017, from http://plateletcharity.co.uk/uncategorized/what-is-a-platelet/
+**Figure 7:** This image shows the role of platelets in the blood stream, working with coagulation factors to clot injured blood vessels (What is a platelet?, n.d.)
-**Figure 7:** This image shows the role of platelets in the blood stream, working with coagulation factors to clot injured blood vessels.
 ===== Screening & Diagnosis =====
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 Fatigue is one of the common symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), aplastic anemia (AA) and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) along with pain, depression, anxiety and stress. This can have a large impact on the quality of life of an individual. A study done by Escalante et al. looked into quality of life of individuals with MDS, AA and PNH. The average fatigue score of the patients was 28 (range 1-52) and the quality of life score was 67 (range 10-104) specifically for those with AA. The higher values of the ranges were indicative of high fatigue or better quality of life. Popular management strategies people used were preserving energy, exercise, and naps; the most popular strategy was preserving energy. (Escalante et al., 2015). People that are diagnosed with AA may be more limited to certain activities due to their increased amount of fatigue compared to those without AA.
+**Powerpoint Presentation**
+{{:aplastic_anemia_ppt._.pptx|}}
 ===== References =====
+Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation. Causes. (2016). Retrieved October 25, 2017, from http://www.aamds.org/diseases/aplastic-anemia/causes
+Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation. Types. (2016). Retrieved October 25, 2017, from http://www.aamds.org/diseases/aplastic-anemia/types
 Bacigalupo, A. (2008). Treatment strategies for patients with severe aplastic anemia. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 42. doi:10.1038/bmt.2008.113
+Bar, C., Povedano, J., Serrano, R., Benitez-Buelga, C., Popkes, M., & Formentini, I. et al. (2016). Telomerase gene therapy rescues telomere length, bone marrow aplasia, and survival in mice with aplastic anemia. Blood, 127(14), 1770-1779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-08-667485
+Braunstein, M.E. (2016) Aplastic Anemia. Retrieved 28 October 2017, from https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/hematology-and-oncology/anemias-caused-by-deficient-erythropoiesis/aplastic-anemia
+Cuglievan, B., DePombo, A., & De Angulo , G. (2017). Aplastic anemia: the correct nomenclature matters. The Hematology Journal , 101 (9).
+DeZern, A. E., & Brodsky, R. A. (2011). Clinical management of aplastic anemia. Expert Review of Hematology, 4(2), 221–230. http://doi.org/10.1586/ehm.11.11
+DeZern, A., Zahurak, M., Symons, H., Cooke, K., Jones, R., & Brodsky, R. (2017). Alternative Donor Transplantation with High-Dose Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide for Refractory Severe Aplastic Anemia. Biology Of Blood And Marrow Transplantation, 23(3), 498-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.12.628
+Escalante, C. P., Chisolm, S., Song, J., Richardson, M., Ellen, S., Lam, T., et al. (2015). Fatigue, quality of life and related symptoms: patient reported outcomes in myeloplastic syndrome, aplastic anemia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood , 126 (23).
+Guo, Y., Kartawinata, M., Li, J., Pickett, H., Teo, J., & Kilo, T. et al. (2014). Inherited bone marrow failure associated with germline mutation of ACD, the gene encoding telomere protein TPP1. Blood, 124(18), 2767-2774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-08-596445
+Health 24 . (n.d.). The seven types of anemia. Retrieved October 25, 2017, from Health 24: http://www.health24.com/Lifestyle/Your-Blood/Anaemia-20130216-2
+How Is Aplastic Anemia Diagnosed? - NHLBI, NIH. (2017). Nhlbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 28 October 2017, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/aplastic/diagnosis
+How Is Aplastic Anemia Treated? - NHLBI, NIH. (2017). Nhlbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 28 October 2017, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/aplastic/treatment
 Hussain, S. K. (2017, April 03). Aplastic Anemia and MDS Awareness Week: Let's Fight Against Anemia. Retrieved October 19, 2017, from https://www.consumerhealthdigest.com/health-awareness/aplastic-anemia-and-mds-awareness-week.html
+Killick SB, Win N, Marsh JC, et al. (1997) Pilot study of HLA alloimmunization after transfusion with pre-storage leucodepleted blood products in aplastic anaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 97(3), 677–684.
+Kojima, S. (2016). Why is the incidence of aplastic anemia higher in Asia? Retrieved October 24, 2017, from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17474086.2017.1302797
+Laundy GJ, Bradley BA, Rees BM, Younie M, Hows JM. (2004) Incidence and specificity of HLA antibodies in multitransfused patients with acquired aplastic anemia. Transfusion. 44(6), 814–825.
+Mandal, A. (2013). What is hematology? Retrieved October 25, 2017, from News Medical Life Sciences : https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Hematology.aspx
+Marsh J, Socie G, Tichelli A, et al. (2010) Should irradiated blood products be given routinely to all patients with aplastic anaemia undergoing immunosuppressive therapy with anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG)? A survey from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Party. Br. J. Haematol. 150(3), 377–379.
+Montané, E., Ibáñez, L., Vidal, X., Ballarín, E., Puig, R., García, N., . . . Catalan, A. N. (2008). Epidemiology of aplastic anemia: a prospective multicenter study. Retrieved October 24, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322256
 Myelodysplastic Syndrome - Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prognosis. (2017, May 31). Retrieved October 19, 2017, from http://www.medindia.net/patientinfo/myelodysplastic-syndrome.htm
 N. (2016, February 15). Getting to know Aplastic Anemia. Retrieved October 19, 2017, from http://nursingcrib.com/nursing-notes-reviewer/getting-to-know-aplastic-anemia/
+National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. (2012). What is aplastic anemia? Retrieved October 24, 2017, from National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/aplastic
+National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2012). What causes aplastic anemia? Retrieved October 18, 2017, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/aplastic/causes
 Skalak, R., Tozeren, A., Zarda, R., & Chien, S. (1973). Strain Energy Function of Red Blood Cell Membranes. Biophysical Journal, 13(3), 245-264. doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(73)85983-1
+Socie G, Henry-Amar M, Bacigalupo A, et al. (1993) Malignant tumors occuring after treatment of aplastic anemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 1152–1157.
+Solomou, E., Gibellini, F., Stewart, B., Malide, D., Berg, M., & Visconte, V. et al. (2007). Perforin gene mutations in patients with acquired aplastic anemia. Blood, 109(12), 5234-5237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-12-063495
 Stemple, D. (2009). Faculty of 1000 evaluation for Hematopoietic stem cell development is dependent on blood flow. F1000 - Post-publication peer review of the biomedical literature. doi:10.3410/f.1161543.623346
+Types. (2017). Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation. Retrieved 28 October 2017, from http://www.aamds.org/diseases/aplastic-anemia/types
+Young, N. and Kaufman, D. (2008). The epidemiology of acquired aplastic anemia. Retrieved October 26, 2017, from http://www.haematologica.org/content/93/4/489#sec-1

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