Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Both sides previous revision Previous revision
Next revision
Previous revision
group_3_presentation_3_-_male_infertility [2018/11/30 20:34]
vasavans [Symptoms]
group_3_presentation_3_-_male_infertility [2018/11/30 23:09] (current)
premachu
Line 13: Line 13:
 The system of tubes in the testicles (seminiferous tubules) contain germ cells that are converted into sperm by hormones, including testosterone. During this process, the germ cells divide until they resemble tadpoles with a head and short tail.  The system of tubes in the testicles (seminiferous tubules) contain germ cells that are converted into sperm by hormones, including testosterone. During this process, the germ cells divide until they resemble tadpoles with a head and short tail. 
  
-<box width centre|> {{:​sperm2.png?​nolink&​300|}}</​box| Figure 1. The Process of Spermatogenesis. > +<box width centre|> {{ :​sperm2.png?​nolink&​200 |}}</​box| Figure 1. The Process of Spermatogenesis. > 
  
 The tails push the sperm into a tube behind testes called epididymis. For around 5 weeks, the sperm travels through the epididymis to complete their development. The sperm then moves to the vas deferens. When a man is stimulated or sexual activity, the sperm mixes with seminal fluid (whitish liquid produced by seminal vesicle and prostate gland, to form semen. Due to stimulation,​ the semen which contains up to 500 million sperm is pushed out of the penis through the urethra (Frothingham,​ n.d.).  ​ The tails push the sperm into a tube behind testes called epididymis. For around 5 weeks, the sperm travels through the epididymis to complete their development. The sperm then moves to the vas deferens. When a man is stimulated or sexual activity, the sperm mixes with seminal fluid (whitish liquid produced by seminal vesicle and prostate gland, to form semen. Due to stimulation,​ the semen which contains up to 500 million sperm is pushed out of the penis through the urethra (Frothingham,​ n.d.).  ​
  
-<box width centre|> {{ :​sperm_movement.png?​nolink&​400|}}</​box| Figure 2. The Movement of Sperm in the Male Reproductive Tract. >+<box width centre|> {{ :​sperm_movement.png?​nolink&​500 |}}</​box| Figure 2. The Movement of Sperm in the Male Reproductive Tract. >
  
 ====== Symptoms ​ ====== ====== Symptoms ​ ======
Line 31: Line 31:
   * Small, firm testicles ​   * Small, firm testicles ​
   * Lower than normal sperm count    * Lower than normal sperm count 
 +(Mayo Clinic, n.d.). ​
  
  
Line 41: Line 42:
   * Produced in low numbers   * Produced in low numbers
   * Not produced at all   * Not produced at all
 +
 +(Mayo Clinic, n.d.)
  
 === Varicoceles === === Varicoceles ===
 Varicoceles is when the scrotum has swollen veins. The sperm is blocked from proper growth because the blood is not able to be drained. This may be due to the blood flowing backwards from your belly into your scrotum. Since the testicles are too warm at that point, the sperm cannot be produced and results in low sperm count. Varicoceles is found in 16% of the male population. Varicoceles is when the scrotum has swollen veins. The sperm is blocked from proper growth because the blood is not able to be drained. This may be due to the blood flowing backwards from your belly into your scrotum. Since the testicles are too warm at that point, the sperm cannot be produced and results in low sperm count. Varicoceles is found in 16% of the male population.
 +
 +<box width centre|> {{ :​39234986-varicocele.jpg?​nolink&​300 |}}</​box| Figure 3. The difference between normal and dilated veins.>
  
 === Retrograde Ejaculation === === Retrograde Ejaculation ===
Line 68: Line 73:
   * Cancer   * Cancer
   * Arthritis ​   * Arthritis ​
 +
 +(Mayo Clinic, n.d.), (Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,​ 2017)
  
 ====== Environmental Causes ====== ​ ====== Environmental Causes ====== ​
Line 75: Line 82:
 For example, male mechanics exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE), a chemical used as a degreasing agent, were found to have TCE and its by-products in their semen. A study conducted on mice found that TCE exposure led to reproductive tissue damage, suggesting that TCE is metabolized in the human reproductive tract and can adversely affect the normal development of sperm (Xu //et al//., 2004). For example, male mechanics exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE), a chemical used as a degreasing agent, were found to have TCE and its by-products in their semen. A study conducted on mice found that TCE exposure led to reproductive tissue damage, suggesting that TCE is metabolized in the human reproductive tract and can adversely affect the normal development of sperm (Xu //et al//., 2004).
  
-<box width centre|> {{ :​tce.png?​direct&​200 |}}</​box| Figure ​2. Chemical structure of trichloroethylene (TCE).>+<box width centre|> {{ :​tce.png?​direct&​200 |}}</​box| Figure ​4. Chemical structure of trichloroethylene (TCE).>
  
 === Radiation or X-rays === === Radiation or X-rays ===
Line 124: Line 131:
 === Hormonal Profile ===  === Hormonal Profile === 
 To rule out of major health concerns, a hormonal profile can be conducted. This purpose of this test is to determine how effective your testicles are at making sperm. This involves looking at hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone. ​ To rule out of major health concerns, a hormonal profile can be conducted. This purpose of this test is to determine how effective your testicles are at making sperm. This involves looking at hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone. ​
 +
 +<box width centre|> {{ :​basic-diagnostic-tests-to-tell-if-a-man-is-fertile-570x242.png?​nolink&​300 |}}</​box| Figure 5. Methods of diagnostic testing for male infertility.>​
  
 ====== Prevalence ====== ​ ====== Prevalence ====== ​
 The actual rates of male infertility are unknown and are shown based on self-report as well as rates calculated from current literature (Kumar & Singh, 2015). Global male infertility rates are different amongst races simply due to the fact that some developing countries underreport their male infertility. This is the case especially in African countries because if a man is unable to reproduce they are seen as inferior. It is believed that to compensate for this, polygamy is practiced in order to increase their likelihood of impregnating a woman (Agarwal et al., 2015). In North America its estimated that 4.5-6% of males are infertile; of all infertility cases, approximately 40-50% are due to male infertility (Kumar & Singh, 2015). This can be attributed to low sperm concentration,​ poor sperm motility or abnormal sperm or even a combination of these deficiencies (Agarwal et al., 2015).  ​ The actual rates of male infertility are unknown and are shown based on self-report as well as rates calculated from current literature (Kumar & Singh, 2015). Global male infertility rates are different amongst races simply due to the fact that some developing countries underreport their male infertility. This is the case especially in African countries because if a man is unable to reproduce they are seen as inferior. It is believed that to compensate for this, polygamy is practiced in order to increase their likelihood of impregnating a woman (Agarwal et al., 2015). In North America its estimated that 4.5-6% of males are infertile; of all infertility cases, approximately 40-50% are due to male infertility (Kumar & Singh, 2015). This can be attributed to low sperm concentration,​ poor sperm motility or abnormal sperm or even a combination of these deficiencies (Agarwal et al., 2015).  ​
  
-{{ :​12958_2015_32_fig2_html.jpg?​nolink |}}+<box 65% round white centre|> ​{{ :​12958_2015_32_fig2_html.jpg?​nolink |}}</box| Figure 6. Out of the total infertility cases, estimated percentages due to males are reported.>​ 
 ====== Treatments ====== ====== Treatments ======
  
Line 143: Line 153:
 === Transurethral Resection of the Ejaculatory Duct === === Transurethral Resection of the Ejaculatory Duct ===
 Ejaculatory duct blockage can be treated surgically. A cystoscope is passed into the urethra and a small incision is made in the ejaculatory duct. This gets sperm into the semen in about 65 out of 100 men. But there can be problems. Blockages could come back. Incontinence and retrograde ejaculation from bladder damage are other possible but rare problems. Also, only 1 in 4 couples get pregnant naturally after this treatment (Urology Care Foundation, n.d.). Ejaculatory duct blockage can be treated surgically. A cystoscope is passed into the urethra and a small incision is made in the ejaculatory duct. This gets sperm into the semen in about 65 out of 100 men. But there can be problems. Blockages could come back. Incontinence and retrograde ejaculation from bladder damage are other possible but rare problems. Also, only 1 in 4 couples get pregnant naturally after this treatment (Urology Care Foundation, n.d.).
-<box width centre|> {{ :​vasovasotomy.jpg?​300 |}}</​box| Figure ​4. Vasoepididymostomy Procedure>​+<box width centre|> {{ :​vasovasotomy.jpg?​300 |}}</​box| Figure ​7. Vasoepididymostomy Procedure>​
  
  
Line 162: Line 172:
 === Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) === === Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) ===
 ICSI is a variation of IVF. It has revolutionized treatment of severe male infertility. A single sperm is injected into the egg with a tiny needle. Once the egg is fertilized, it's put in the female partner'​s uterus. It is used if you have very poor semen quality, or if you have no sperm in the semen caused by a block or testicular failure that can't be fixed. Sperm may also be taken from the testicles or epididymis by surgery for this method (Urology Care Foundation, n.d.). ICSI is a variation of IVF. It has revolutionized treatment of severe male infertility. A single sperm is injected into the egg with a tiny needle. Once the egg is fertilized, it's put in the female partner'​s uterus. It is used if you have very poor semen quality, or if you have no sperm in the semen caused by a block or testicular failure that can't be fixed. Sperm may also be taken from the testicles or epididymis by surgery for this method (Urology Care Foundation, n.d.).
-<box width centre|> {{ :​icsi.jpg?​300 |}}</​box| Figure ​5. ICSI Procedure>​+<box width centre|> {{ :​icsi.jpg?​300 |}}</​box| Figure ​8. ICSI Procedure>​
  
 __**Sperm Retrieval for Assisted Reproductive Techniques**__ __**Sperm Retrieval for Assisted Reproductive Techniques**__
Line 196: Line 206:
  
  
-{{ :​nup_167548_0084.jpg?​nolink&​300 |}}+<box width centre|> ​{{ :​nup_167548_0084.jpg?​nolink&​300 |}} </box| Figure 9. Jimmy Fallon on his show.> 
 + 
 +====== Final Remarks ====== 
 +Male infertility is an extremely common cause of infertility. For many couples suffering from infertility,​ a semen analysis is one of the highest yield tests performed during a comprehensive fertility evaluation. The results of a semen analysis alone are often insufficient to determine an optimal treatment path, and further targeted testing may be required. However, with the proper assisted reproduction treatments, the majority of men suffering from sperm production abnormalities will have an excellent chance of becoming a father.  
 ====== References ====== ====== References ======
  
Line 206: Line 220:
  
 Cabler, S., Agarwal, A., Flint, M., & Du Plessis, S. S. (2010). Obesity: modern man's fertility nemesis. Asian journal of andrology, 12(4), 480. Cabler, S., Agarwal, A., Flint, M., & Du Plessis, S. S. (2010). Obesity: modern man's fertility nemesis. Asian journal of andrology, 12(4), 480.
 +
 +Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2017). What are some possible causes of male infertility?​ Retrieved December 1, 2018, from http://​www.nichd.nih.gov/​health/​topics/​infertility/​conditioninfo/​causes/​causes-male
  
 Gude, D. (2012). Alcohol and fertility. Journal of human reproductive sciences, 5(2), 226. Gude, D. (2012). Alcohol and fertility. Journal of human reproductive sciences, 5(2), 226.
Line 220: Line 236:
  
 Xu, H., Tanphaichitr,​ N., Forkert, P. G., Anupriwan, A., Weerachatyanukul,​ W., Vincent, R., ... & Wade, M. G. (2004). Exposure to trichloroethylene and its metabolites causes impairment of sperm fertilizing ability in mice. Toxicological sciences, 82(2), 590-597. Xu, H., Tanphaichitr,​ N., Forkert, P. G., Anupriwan, A., Weerachatyanukul,​ W., Vincent, R., ... & Wade, M. G. (2004). Exposure to trichloroethylene and its metabolites causes impairment of sperm fertilizing ability in mice. Toxicological sciences, 82(2), 590-597.
 +
 +
 +
Print/export
QR Code
QR Code group_3_presentation_3_-_male_infertility (generated for current page)