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group_3_presentation_2_-_tuberculosis [2018/11/02 19:35] vasavans [Mechanism] |
group_3_presentation_2_-_tuberculosis [2018/11/02 19:42] (current) vasavans [History of Tuberculosis] |
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| ====== History of Tuberculosis ====== | ====== History of Tuberculosis ====== | ||
| - | <box width centre|> Figure 2. Scientists contributing to the theory of Tuberculosis. {{ :scientists.jpg?500|}}</box|> | + | <box width centre|> Figure 2. Scientists who contributed to the theory of Tuberculosis. {{ :scientists.jpg?500|}}</box|> |
| In 1948 BC, ancient text by the Babylonian monarch Hammurabi mentions a chronic lung disease that is likely TB (Herzog, 1998). Next, Famous Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 BC), proposed the concept of pulmonary phthisis (tuberculosis) as a common disease that usually leads to death, however he believed that it was hereditary. Later, Galen (131-201) was the first person to suspect that phthisis was contagious, and warned against intimate contact with those who are sick. | In 1948 BC, ancient text by the Babylonian monarch Hammurabi mentions a chronic lung disease that is likely TB (Herzog, 1998). Next, Famous Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 BC), proposed the concept of pulmonary phthisis (tuberculosis) as a common disease that usually leads to death, however he believed that it was hereditary. Later, Galen (131-201) was the first person to suspect that phthisis was contagious, and warned against intimate contact with those who are sick. | ||
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| * ** Bones:** TB likely will attack the spine and the ends of the long bones. Children are especially prone to spinal tuberculosis. If not treated, the spinal segments (vertebrae) may collapse and cause paralysis in one or both legs. | * ** Bones:** TB likely will attack the spine and the ends of the long bones. Children are especially prone to spinal tuberculosis. If not treated, the spinal segments (vertebrae) may collapse and cause paralysis in one or both legs. | ||
| - | <box width centre|> Figure 5. Spinal Tuberculosis. {{ :tb.png?nolink&300 |}}</box| > | + | <box width centre|> Figure 6. Spinal Tuberculosis. {{ :tb.png?nolink&300 |}}</box| > |
| * **Kidneys:** Along with the bones, the kidneys are another common site of extrapulmonary TB. There may be few symptoms even though part of a kidney is destroyed. TB may spread to the bladder. In men, it may spread to the prostate gland and nearby structures. | * **Kidneys:** Along with the bones, the kidneys are another common site of extrapulmonary TB. There may be few symptoms even though part of a kidney is destroyed. TB may spread to the bladder. In men, it may spread to the prostate gland and nearby structures. | ||
| - | <box width centre|> Figure 6. Renal Tuberculosis. {{ :tb4.png?nolink&300 |}}</box| > | + | <box width centre|> Figure 7. Renal Tuberculosis. {{ :tb4.png?nolink&300 |}}</box| > |
| * **Female reproductive organs:** The ovaries in women may be infected; TB can spread from them to the peritoneum, which is the membrane lining the abdominal cavity. | * **Female reproductive organs:** The ovaries in women may be infected; TB can spread from them to the peritoneum, which is the membrane lining the abdominal cavity. | ||
| * **Abdominal cavity:** Tuberculous peritonitis may cause pain ranging from the vague discomfort of stomach cramps to intense pain that may mimic the symptoms of appendicitis. | * **Abdominal cavity:** Tuberculous peritonitis may cause pain ranging from the vague discomfort of stomach cramps to intense pain that may mimic the symptoms of appendicitis. | ||
| - | <box width centre|> Figure 7. Abdominal Tuberculosis. {{ :tb6.png?nolink&300 |}}</box| > | + | <box width centre|> Figure 8. Abdominal Tuberculosis. {{ :tb6.png?nolink&300 |}}</box| > |
| * **Joints:** Tubercular infection of joints causes a form of arthritis that most often affects the hips and knees. The wrist, hand, and elbow joints also may become painful and inflamed. | * **Joints:** Tubercular infection of joints causes a form of arthritis that most often affects the hips and knees. The wrist, hand, and elbow joints also may become painful and inflamed. | ||
| * **Meninges:** The meninges are tissues that cover the brain and the spinal cord. Infection of the meninges by the TB bacillus causes tuberculous meningitis, a condition that is most common in young children but is especially dangerous in the elderly. Patients develop headaches, become drowsy, and eventually comatose. Permanent brain damage is the rule unless prompt treatment is given. Some patients with tuberculous meningitis develop a tumor-like brain mass called a tuberculoma that can cause stroke-like symptoms. | * **Meninges:** The meninges are tissues that cover the brain and the spinal cord. Infection of the meninges by the TB bacillus causes tuberculous meningitis, a condition that is most common in young children but is especially dangerous in the elderly. Patients develop headaches, become drowsy, and eventually comatose. Permanent brain damage is the rule unless prompt treatment is given. Some patients with tuberculous meningitis develop a tumor-like brain mass called a tuberculoma that can cause stroke-like symptoms. | ||
| - | <box width centre|> Figure 8. Meningeal Tuberculosis. {{ :tb2.png?nolink&300 |}}</box| > | + | <box width centre|> Figure 9. Meningeal Tuberculosis. {{ :tb2.png?nolink&300 |}}</box| > |
| * **Skin, intestines, adrenal glands, and blood vessels:** All these parts of the body can be infected by M. tuberculosis. Infection of the wall of the body's main artery (the aorta), can cause it to rupture with detrimental results. Tuberculous pericarditis occurs when the membrane surrounding the heart (the pericardium) is infected and fills up with fluid that interferes with the heart's ability to pump blood. | * **Skin, intestines, adrenal glands, and blood vessels:** All these parts of the body can be infected by M. tuberculosis. Infection of the wall of the body's main artery (the aorta), can cause it to rupture with detrimental results. Tuberculous pericarditis occurs when the membrane surrounding the heart (the pericardium) is infected and fills up with fluid that interferes with the heart's ability to pump blood. | ||
| - | <box width centre|> Figure 9. Cutaneous Tuberculosis. {{ :tb5.png?nolink&300 |}}</box| > | + | <box width centre|> Figure 10. Cutaneous Tuberculosis. {{ :tb5.png?nolink&300 |}}</box| > |
| * **Miliary tuberculosis:** Miliary TB is a life-threatening condition that occurs when large numbers of tubercle bacilli spread throughout the body. Huge numbers of tiny tubercular lesions develop that cause marked weakness and weight loss, severe anemia, and gradual wasting of the body. | * **Miliary tuberculosis:** Miliary TB is a life-threatening condition that occurs when large numbers of tubercle bacilli spread throughout the body. Huge numbers of tiny tubercular lesions develop that cause marked weakness and weight loss, severe anemia, and gradual wasting of the body. | ||
| - | <box width centre|> Figure 10. Miliary Tuberculosis. {{ :tb3.png?nolink&300 |}}</box| > | + | <box width centre|> Figure 11. Miliary Tuberculosis. {{ :tb3.png?nolink&300 |}}</box| > |
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| The world health organization defines TB as one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. All age groups are at risk of contracting the disease notably, individuals who are HIV positive are 20 to 30 times more likely to develop the active form of TB thus speeding the progression of both diseases. Approximately one quarter of the world's population has latent TB, these individuals have a 5-15% risk of developing active TB (WHO, 2018). The majority of cases and deaths are in developing countries although cases occur in every part of the world. India and China account for 40% of the total global TB cases. This is because TB is usually unrecognized till symptoms show additionally, the route of transmission via air particles is undetected. In spite of this, the global incidence of TB is decreasing by 2% each year (WHO, 2018). | The world health organization defines TB as one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. All age groups are at risk of contracting the disease notably, individuals who are HIV positive are 20 to 30 times more likely to develop the active form of TB thus speeding the progression of both diseases. Approximately one quarter of the world's population has latent TB, these individuals have a 5-15% risk of developing active TB (WHO, 2018). The majority of cases and deaths are in developing countries although cases occur in every part of the world. India and China account for 40% of the total global TB cases. This is because TB is usually unrecognized till symptoms show additionally, the route of transmission via air particles is undetected. In spite of this, the global incidence of TB is decreasing by 2% each year (WHO, 2018). | ||
| - | {{ :2018.png?300 |}} | + | <box width centre|> Figure 12. Geographic Prevalence of Tuberculosis. {{ :2018.png?300 |}}</box| > |
| ====== Conclusion ====== | ====== Conclusion ====== | ||
