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group_3_presentation_2_-_lsd_s_lysergic_acid_diethylamide_effect_on_the_brain [2017/11/03 02:30] hamidy2 [References] |
group_3_presentation_2_-_lsd_s_lysergic_acid_diethylamide_effect_on_the_brain [2018/01/25 15:18] (current) |
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| **Figure 7: HR and BP results results of the Gasser et al., 2014 experiment with terminally ill cancer patients.** | **Figure 7: HR and BP results results of the Gasser et al., 2014 experiment with terminally ill cancer patients.** | ||
| - | **Cluster Headaches:** | + | **LSD Treatment for Cluster Headaches:** |
| Cluster headache is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring and frequent severe headaches (Passie et al., 2008). These occur on only one side of the head and occur for the most part around the eye (Passie et al., 2008). Only 0.1% of the population experience these in their lifetime (Passie et al., 2008). They are described as feeling worse than natural childbirth or amputation without anesthetics (Passie et al., 2008). There is no treatment for such headaches and using normal pain-killers have caused the pains to increase in severity. Case-reports have indicated that LSD can reduce cluster pain as well as interrupt the cluster-headache cycle preventing future headaches from occurring (Passie et al., 2008). The mechanism of how cluster headaches come about is not well known and thus the effects LSD have on them are also not known but a correlation does seem to exist (Passie et al., 2008). A 2006 study by researchers looked at 53 cluster headache sufferers who were treated with LSD and a majority of the participants reported beneficial effects (Passie et al., 2008). It seems as though for LSD to have a beneficial effect sub-psychedelic dosages are needed. Currently a dose-response study testing the effectiveness of LSD is being conducted (Passie et al., 2008). | Cluster headache is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring and frequent severe headaches (Passie et al., 2008). These occur on only one side of the head and occur for the most part around the eye (Passie et al., 2008). Only 0.1% of the population experience these in their lifetime (Passie et al., 2008). They are described as feeling worse than natural childbirth or amputation without anesthetics (Passie et al., 2008). There is no treatment for such headaches and using normal pain-killers have caused the pains to increase in severity. Case-reports have indicated that LSD can reduce cluster pain as well as interrupt the cluster-headache cycle preventing future headaches from occurring (Passie et al., 2008). The mechanism of how cluster headaches come about is not well known and thus the effects LSD have on them are also not known but a correlation does seem to exist (Passie et al., 2008). A 2006 study by researchers looked at 53 cluster headache sufferers who were treated with LSD and a majority of the participants reported beneficial effects (Passie et al., 2008). It seems as though for LSD to have a beneficial effect sub-psychedelic dosages are needed. Currently a dose-response study testing the effectiveness of LSD is being conducted (Passie et al., 2008). | ||
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| For those using LSD and are abusing its use there are plenty of ways to go about getting help (Hermann, 2016). Most local abuse therapy centres or clinics should cover LSD usage issues and help as much as possible (Hermann, 2016). There are also LSD recovery centers for those in more dire situations. Even though LSD is not addictive many people are unable to stop using LSD and/or are no longer satisfied with life outside LSD (Passie et al., 2008). LSD risks can also occur as a vast majority of users if not under control will start taking far more dangerous drugs or will began experimenting (Passie et al., 2008).. There are also a variety of credible websites that can help someone stop LSD usage by following specific instructions (Hermann, 2016). Example: https://www.recovery.org/topics/quitting-lsd/. LSD rehab can include support groups, behavioral therapy and even family therapy. | For those using LSD and are abusing its use there are plenty of ways to go about getting help (Hermann, 2016). Most local abuse therapy centres or clinics should cover LSD usage issues and help as much as possible (Hermann, 2016). There are also LSD recovery centers for those in more dire situations. Even though LSD is not addictive many people are unable to stop using LSD and/or are no longer satisfied with life outside LSD (Passie et al., 2008). LSD risks can also occur as a vast majority of users if not under control will start taking far more dangerous drugs or will began experimenting (Passie et al., 2008).. There are also a variety of credible websites that can help someone stop LSD usage by following specific instructions (Hermann, 2016). Example: https://www.recovery.org/topics/quitting-lsd/. LSD rehab can include support groups, behavioral therapy and even family therapy. | ||
| ====== Conclusion ====== | ====== Conclusion ====== | ||
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| + | In conclusion LSD is a psychedelic that drug alters cognition, perception acts as an hallucinogen(Blachford & Krapp, 2010). LSD usage which peaked in the 1960's has seen a vast decrease in its usage for all age groups (Krebs & Johansen, 2013). The key biochemical property of LSD is that its structure is very similar to that of serotonin which allows it to behave and react in a very similar manner as serotonin such as binding to the same receptors (Li & Wang, 1998). Under LSD a wide range of symptoms and effects occur including some parts of the brain being more connected to other parts becoming less connected(Das et al., 2016). Symptoms vary depending the individual and the amount taken (NIDA, 2016). LSD usages are strictly limited to recreational use but current research such as; LSD Treatment for Alcoholism, LSD Treatment for Opioid and Other Drug Addictions, LSD Studies with Optimism/Openness/ Creativity/Imagination, LSD Treatment for End-of-Life Anxiety/Pain and LSD Treatment for Cluster Headaches have started opening the door for LSD to be used in more important ways. It is important to educate oneself with such drugs as with every positive feature comes many negative ones. MAPS is a great organization to look into in order to obtain such new information (MAPS, 2017). It is still recommended to avoid doing illegal drugs such as LSD to avoid the emotional, physically and economic damages that can occur especially if a state of abuse occurs. | ||
| ====== References ====== | ====== References ====== | ||
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| Aghajanian, G. K., & Marek, G. J. (1999). Serotonin, via 5-HT2A receptors, increases EPSCs in layer V pyramidal cells of prefrontal cortex by an asynchronous mode of glutamate release. //Brain Research, 825(1–2)//, 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993 | Aghajanian, G. K., & Marek, G. J. (1999). Serotonin, via 5-HT2A receptors, increases EPSCs in layer V pyramidal cells of prefrontal cortex by an asynchronous mode of glutamate release. //Brain Research, 825(1–2)//, 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993 | ||
| - | **Blachford, S. L., & Krapp, K. (2010). LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for Students. Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from http://sproxy.glenbrook225.org/login?url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2645000028/SCIC?u=gotitans&xid=8a0a151 - Incorrect Format** | + | Blachford, S. L., & Krapp, K. (2010). LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for Students. Retrieved from http://sproxy.glenbrook225.org/login?url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2645000028/SCIC?u=gotitans&xid=8a0a151 |
| Blewett D., and Chwelos N. (1959). //Handbook for the therapeutic use of lysergic acid diethylamide 25 individual and group procedures.// Retrieved from https://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/guides/handbook_lsd25.shtml | Blewett D., and Chwelos N. (1959). //Handbook for the therapeutic use of lysergic acid diethylamide 25 individual and group procedures.// Retrieved from https://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/guides/handbook_lsd25.shtml | ||
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| Das, S., Barnwal, P., Ramasamy, A., Sen, S., & Mondal, S. (2016). Lysergic acid diethylamide: a drug of ‘use’? //Therapeutic Advances in psychopharmacology, 6(3)//, 214–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125316640440 | Das, S., Barnwal, P., Ramasamy, A., Sen, S., & Mondal, S. (2016). Lysergic acid diethylamide: a drug of ‘use’? //Therapeutic Advances in psychopharmacology, 6(3)//, 214–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125316640440 | ||
| - | **Dobkin de Rios M., & Janiger O. (2003). //LSD, Spirituality and the Creative Process.// Rochester, NY, USA: Park Street Press. | + | Dobkin de Rios M., & Janiger O. (2003). //LSD, Spirituality and the Creative Process.// Rochester, NY, USA: Park Street Press. |
| Gasser, P., Holstein, D., Michel, Y., Doblin, R., Yazar-Klosinski, B., Passie, T., . . . Brenneisen, R. (2014). Safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with life-threatening diseases. //The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202(7)//, 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000113 | Gasser, P., Holstein, D., Michel, Y., Doblin, R., Yazar-Klosinski, B., Passie, T., . . . Brenneisen, R. (2014). Safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with life-threatening diseases. //The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202(7)//, 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000113 | ||
| Grinspoon L., & Bakalar J. (1997). //Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered//. New York, NY, USA: Lindesmith Center. | Grinspoon L., & Bakalar J. (1997). //Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered//. New York, NY, USA: Lindesmith Center. | ||
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| - | **Grob C. (2002). Conversation with Albert Hofmann. In: Grob C., editor. (ed.), Hallucinogens: A Reader. New York: Tarcher/Putnam, pp. 15–22. - Incorrect Form** | ||
| Hermann, E. (2016). //What You Should Know About Quitting LSD//. Retrieved from https://www.recovery.org/topics/quitting-lsd/ | Hermann, E. (2016). //What You Should Know About Quitting LSD//. Retrieved from https://www.recovery.org/topics/quitting-lsd/ | ||
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| Lebedev, A.V., Kaelen, M., Lövdén, M., Nilsson, J., Feilding, A., Nutt, D.J., . . . Carhart-Harris R.L. (2016) LSD-induced entropic brain activity predicts subsequent personality change. //Human Brain Mapping, 37(9)//, 3203–3213. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23234 | Lebedev, A.V., Kaelen, M., Lövdén, M., Nilsson, J., Feilding, A., Nutt, D.J., . . . Carhart-Harris R.L. (2016) LSD-induced entropic brain activity predicts subsequent personality change. //Human Brain Mapping, 37(9)//, 3203–3213. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23234 | ||
| - | **Lewis, R.J. (2007). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY., p. 773 - Incorrect Form** | + | Lewis, R.J. (2007). //Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition (pp. 773)//. New York, NY., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |
| Li, Y. Z., McNally, A. J., Wang, H. Y., & Salamone, S. J. (1998). Stability study of LSD under various storage conditions, //Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 22(6)//: 520–525. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/22.6.520 | Li, Y. Z., McNally, A. J., Wang, H. Y., & Salamone, S. J. (1998). Stability study of LSD under various storage conditions, //Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 22(6)//: 520–525. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/22.6.520 | ||
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| National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2016). //Hallucinogens//. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens%20on%202017 | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2016). //Hallucinogens//. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens%20on%202017 | ||
| - | **National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2009). Hallucinogens: LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP. Drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 28 October 2017, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/hallucinogens09.pdf - Incorrect Form** | + | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2009). //Hallucinogens: LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP.// Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/hallucinogens09.pdf |
| Nichols, D.E. (2016). Psychedelics. //Pharmacological Reviews, 68(2)//, 264-355. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478 | Nichols, D.E. (2016). Psychedelics. //Pharmacological Reviews, 68(2)//, 264-355. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478 | ||
| Passie, T., Halpern, J. H., Stichtenoth, D. O., Emrich, H. M., & Hintzen, A. (2008). The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: a review. //CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 14(4)//, 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x | Passie, T., Halpern, J. H., Stichtenoth, D. O., Emrich, H. M., & Hintzen, A. (2008). The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: a review. //CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 14(4)//, 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x | ||
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| - | Passie, T., Halpern, J.H., Stichtenoth, D.O., Emrich, H.M., & Hintzen, A. (2008). The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide. //CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 14(4)//, 295–314. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x | ||
| Pisano, V.D., Putnam, N.P., Kramer, H.M., Franciotti, K.J., Hapern, J.H., & Holden, S.C. (2017). The association of psychedelic use and opioid use disorders among illicit users in the United States. //Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(5)//, 606-613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117691453 | Pisano, V.D., Putnam, N.P., Kramer, H.M., Franciotti, K.J., Hapern, J.H., & Holden, S.C. (2017). The association of psychedelic use and opioid use disorders among illicit users in the United States. //Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(5)//, 606-613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117691453 | ||
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