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--- group_3_presentation_2_-_infertility [2019/03/08 19:54]
gilli1 [Conclusion]
+++ group_3_presentation_2_-_infertility [2019/03/08 22:38] (current)
gilli1 [References]
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 =======Infertility Powerpoint=======
+{{:infertility.pptx|}}
 ====== Infertility ======
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   - **The concentration of semen**: When the ratio of sperm to seminal plasma is low, can cause infertility, as it will decrease the odds in which one of the sperms will fertilize the eggs <sup>[18]</sup>.
   - **Sperm quality**: sperm must be motile and must be functional in order to properly fertilize the egg <sup>[19]</sup>.
+=== Causes ===
 Medical issues that can cause Infertility:
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 <box 25% rectangle right | > {{ :male-infertility.png?300|}} </box| Figure 4: Normal Sperm vs Infertile Sperm.>
+Environmental Causes:
+  -  **Chemicals**: exposure to certain chemicals for extended periods of time can lead to infertility issues, such as pesticides and herbicides<sup>[28]</sup>.
+  - **Heavy metals**: exposures to certain metals such as lead can lead to infertility<sup>[28]</sup>.
+  - **Radiation or X-rays**: exposure to radiation or X-rays can negatively affect sperm production and may take a long time to return to normal levels<sup>[29]</sup>.
+  - **High temperatures**: Elevated temperatures of can impair sperm production<sup>[30]</sup>.
+Lifestyle choices:
+  -  **Drug use**: The use of anabolic steroids can lead to shrinkage of the testicles and sperm production to decrease. Other types of recreational drugs have also been linked to infertility<sup>[31]</sup>.
+  - **Alcohol**: found to lower testosterone levels, which leads to a decrease in sperm generation<sup>[32]</sup>
+  - **Smoking**: men who smoke tobacco have been found to have a lower count compared to those who don’t<sup>[32]</sup>
+  - **Stress**: has been found to affect hormonal balance, and may lead to changes in sex hormones negatively affecting fertility<sup>[27]</sup>
+  - **Weight**: obesity has been found to impair fertility, such as hormone changes and negatively impacting sperm quality<sup>[18]</sup>.
 ===== Societal Pressures  =====
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 [24] Carmignani, L., Gadda, F., Mancini, M., Gazzano, G., Nerva, F., Rocco, F., & Colpi, G. M. (2004). Detection of testicular ultrasonographic lesions in severe male infertility. The Journal of urology, 172(3), 1045-1047.
-[25]Maduro, M. R., & Lamb, D. J. (2002). Understanding new genetics of male infertility. The Journal of urology, 168(5), 2197-2205.
+[25] Bak CW, Seok HH, Song SH, Kim ES, Her YS, Yoon TK. Hormonal imbalances and psychological scars left behind in infertile men. Journal of andrology. 2012 Mar 4;33(2):181-9.
+[26] Maduro, M. R., & Lamb, D. J. (2002). Understanding new genetics of male infertility. The Journal of urology, 168(5), 2197-2205.
+[27] Cousineau, T. M., & Domar, A. D. (2007). Psychological impact of infertility. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 21(2), 293-308.
-[26] Cousineau, T. M., & Domar, A. D. (2007). Psychological impact of infertility. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 21(2), 293-308.
+[28] Hruska KS, Furth PA, Seifer DB, Sharara FI, Flaws JA. Environmental factors in infertility. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology. 2000 Dec 1;43(4):821-9.
-[27] Li, H. Y., & Zhang, H. (2013). Proteome analysis for profiling infertility markers in male mouse sperm after carbon ion radiation. Toxicology, 306, 85-92.
+[29] Li, H. Y., & Zhang, H. (2013). Proteome analysis for profiling infertility markers in male mouse sperm after carbon ion radiation. Toxicology, 306, 85-92.
-[28] Jung, A., & Schill, W. B. (2000). Male infertility. Current life style could be responsible for infertility. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 142(37), 31-33.
+[30] Jung, A., & Schill, W. B. (2000). Male infertility. Current life style could be responsible for infertility. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 142(37), 31-33.
-[29] Buchanan, J. F., & Davis, L. J. (1984). Drug-induced infertility. Drug intelligence & clinical pharmacy, 18(2), 122-132.
+[31] Buchanan, J. F., & Davis, L. J. (1984). Drug-induced infertility. Drug intelligence & clinical pharmacy, 18(2), 122-132.
-[30] Pasqualotto, F. F., Lucon, A. M., Sobreiro, B. P., Pasqualotto, E. B., & Arap, S. (2004). Effects of medical therapy, alcohol, smoking, and endocrine disruptors on male infertility. Revista do Hospital das Clínicas, 59(6), 375-382.
+[32] Pasqualotto, F. F., Lucon, A. M., Sobreiro, B. P., Pasqualotto, E. B., & Arap, S. (2004). Effects of medical therapy, alcohol, smoking, and endocrine disruptors on male infertility. Revista do Hospital das Clínicas, 59(6), 375-382.
-[31] Rouchou B. Consequences of infertility in developing countries. Perspectives in public health. 2013 May;133(3):174-9.
+[33] Rouchou B. Consequences of infertility in developing countries. Perspectives in public health. 2013 May;133(3):174-9.
-[32] Dyer SJ, Abrahams N, Hoffman M, van der Spuy ZM. Men leave me as I cannot have children': women's experiences with involuntary childlessness. Human Reproduction. 2002 Jun 1;17(6):1663-8.
+[34] Dyer SJ, Abrahams N, Hoffman M, van der Spuy ZM. Men leave me as I cannot have children': women's experiences with involuntary childlessness. Human Reproduction. 2002 Jun 1;17(6):1663-8.
-[33] Wischmann T, Thorn P. (Male) infertility: what does it mean to men? New evidence from quantitative and qualitative studies. Reproductive biomedicine online. 2013 Sep 1;27(3):236-43.
+[35] Wischmann T, Thorn P. (Male) infertility: what does it mean to men? New evidence from quantitative and qualitative studies. Reproductive biomedicine online. 2013 Sep 1;27(3):236-43.
-[34] Patel, A. P., & Smith, R. P. (2016). Vasectomy reversal: a clinical update. Asian journal of andrology, 18(3), 365.
+[36] Patel, A. P., & Smith, R. P. (2016). Vasectomy reversal: a clinical update. Asian journal of andrology, 18(3), 365.
-[35] Wall, J., & Jayasena, C. N. (2018). Diagnosing male infertility. BMJ, k3202. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3202
+[37] Wall, J., & Jayasena, C. N. (2018). Diagnosing male infertility. BMJ, k3202. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3202
-[36] Khourdaji I, Lee H, Smith RP. Frontiers in hormone therapy for male infertility. Translational andrology and urology. 2018 Jul;7(Suppl 3):S353.
+[38] Khourdaji I, Lee H, Smith RP. Frontiers in hormone therapy for male infertility. Translational andrology and urology. 2018 Jul;7(Suppl 3):S353.
-[37] Mayo Clinic. (2018, March 08). Female infertility. Retrieved February 25, 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313
+[39] Mayo Clinic. (2018, March 08). Female infertility. Retrieved February 25, 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313
-[38] Nayernia, K., Li, M., Jaroszynski, L., Khusainov, R., Wulf, G., Schwandt, I., ... & Engel, W. (2004). Stem cell based therapeutical approach of male infertility by teratocarcinoma derived germ cells. Human molecular genetics, 13(14), 1451-1460.
+[40] Nayernia, K., Li, M., Jaroszynski, L., Khusainov, R., Wulf, G., Schwandt, I., ... & Engel, W. (2004). Stem cell based therapeutical approach of male infertility by teratocarcinoma derived germ cells. Human molecular genetics, 13(14), 1451-1460.

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