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group_3_presentation_2_-_infertility [2019/03/08 19:54] gilli1 [Treatment] |
group_3_presentation_2_-_infertility [2019/03/08 22:38] (current) gilli1 [References] |
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| =======Infertility Powerpoint======= | =======Infertility Powerpoint======= | ||
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| ====== Infertility ====== | ====== Infertility ====== | ||
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| - **The concentration of semen**: When the ratio of sperm to seminal plasma is low, can cause infertility, as it will decrease the odds in which one of the sperms will fertilize the eggs <sup>[18]</sup>. | - **The concentration of semen**: When the ratio of sperm to seminal plasma is low, can cause infertility, as it will decrease the odds in which one of the sperms will fertilize the eggs <sup>[18]</sup>. | ||
| - **Sperm quality**: sperm must be motile and must be functional in order to properly fertilize the egg <sup>[19]</sup>. | - **Sperm quality**: sperm must be motile and must be functional in order to properly fertilize the egg <sup>[19]</sup>. | ||
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| + | === Causes === | ||
| Medical issues that can cause Infertility: | Medical issues that can cause Infertility: | ||
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| <box 25% rectangle right | > {{ :male-infertility.png?300|}} </box| Figure 4: Normal Sperm vs Infertile Sperm.> | <box 25% rectangle right | > {{ :male-infertility.png?300|}} </box| Figure 4: Normal Sperm vs Infertile Sperm.> | ||
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| + | Environmental Causes: | ||
| + | - **Chemicals**: exposure to certain chemicals for extended periods of time can lead to infertility issues, such as pesticides and herbicides<sup>[28]</sup>. | ||
| + | - **Heavy metals**: exposures to certain metals such as lead can lead to infertility<sup>[28]</sup>. | ||
| + | - **Radiation or X-rays**: exposure to radiation or X-rays can negatively affect sperm production and may take a long time to return to normal levels<sup>[29]</sup>. | ||
| + | - **High temperatures**: Elevated temperatures of can impair sperm production<sup>[30]</sup>. | ||
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| + | Lifestyle choices: | ||
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| + | - **Drug use**: The use of anabolic steroids can lead to shrinkage of the testicles and sperm production to decrease. Other types of recreational drugs have also been linked to infertility<sup>[31]</sup>. | ||
| + | - **Alcohol**: found to lower testosterone levels, which leads to a decrease in sperm generation<sup>[32]</sup> | ||
| + | - **Smoking**: men who smoke tobacco have been found to have a lower count compared to those who don’t<sup>[32]</sup> | ||
| + | - **Stress**: has been found to affect hormonal balance, and may lead to changes in sex hormones negatively affecting fertility<sup>[27]</sup> | ||
| + | - **Weight**: obesity has been found to impair fertility, such as hormone changes and negatively impacting sperm quality<sup>[18]</sup>. | ||
| ===== Societal Pressures ===== | ===== Societal Pressures ===== | ||
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| Infertility is a public health issue that affects men and women. Female infertility is the inability to get pregnant or carry a fetus to full term. There are four factors that mainly influence female infertility which is ovarian, tubal, uterine and lifestyle. Male infertility is the inability to impregnate a fertile female, which is caused by various factors. Some causes of male infertility are due to medical issues, environmental factors and lifestyle choices. To diagnose patients with infertility doctors first look at medical history and do a physical examination. Some may also carry out some basic tests on both partners to see if there is a reason for not having achieved a pregnancy. Then if needed, the specialized test can be done at fertility clinics. Infertility is an issue that contains various social and economic burden. | Infertility is a public health issue that affects men and women. Female infertility is the inability to get pregnant or carry a fetus to full term. There are four factors that mainly influence female infertility which is ovarian, tubal, uterine and lifestyle. Male infertility is the inability to impregnate a fertile female, which is caused by various factors. Some causes of male infertility are due to medical issues, environmental factors and lifestyle choices. To diagnose patients with infertility doctors first look at medical history and do a physical examination. Some may also carry out some basic tests on both partners to see if there is a reason for not having achieved a pregnancy. Then if needed, the specialized test can be done at fertility clinics. Infertility is an issue that contains various social and economic burden. | ||
| - | Infertility is a health problem that requires appropriate treatment strategy <sup>[3]</sup>. Modern medical science has developed various therapies to assist reproduction over the last 20 years<sup>[3]</sup>. Some treatments available today for female infertility are hormone therapy and surgery. For males; surgery and antibiotics are used as treatment options. A possible future therapeutic is the use of stem cells. The ability to culture and manipulate stem cell from male germ cells has gradually facilitated research into male infertility<sup>[38]</sup>. There is research continually collected and tested to advance our knowledge in this field. With the knowledge we know and continue to gain, researchers are looking for ways to decrease the prevalence of infertility. | + | Infertility is a health problem that requires appropriate treatment strategy <sup>[3]</sup>. Modern medical science has developed various therapies to assist reproduction over the last 20 years<sup>[3]</sup>. Some treatments available today for female infertility are hormone therapy and surgery. For males; surgery and antibiotics are used as treatment options. A possible future therapeutic is the use of stem cells. The ability to culture and manipulate stem cell from male germ cells has gradually facilitated research into male infertility<sup>[40]</sup>. There is research continually collected and tested to advance our knowledge in this field. With the knowledge we know and continue to gain, researchers are looking for ways to decrease the prevalence of infertility. |
| ===== References ===== | ===== References ===== | ||
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| [24] Carmignani, L., Gadda, F., Mancini, M., Gazzano, G., Nerva, F., Rocco, F., & Colpi, G. M. (2004). Detection of testicular ultrasonographic lesions in severe male infertility. The Journal of urology, 172(3), 1045-1047. | [24] Carmignani, L., Gadda, F., Mancini, M., Gazzano, G., Nerva, F., Rocco, F., & Colpi, G. M. (2004). Detection of testicular ultrasonographic lesions in severe male infertility. The Journal of urology, 172(3), 1045-1047. | ||
| - | [25]Maduro, M. R., & Lamb, D. J. (2002). Understanding new genetics of male infertility. The Journal of urology, 168(5), 2197-2205. | + | [25] Bak CW, Seok HH, Song SH, Kim ES, Her YS, Yoon TK. Hormonal imbalances and psychological scars left behind in infertile men. Journal of andrology. 2012 Mar 4;33(2):181-9. |
| + | |||
| + | [26] Maduro, M. R., & Lamb, D. J. (2002). Understanding new genetics of male infertility. The Journal of urology, 168(5), 2197-2205. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [27] Cousineau, T. M., & Domar, A. D. (2007). Psychological impact of infertility. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 21(2), 293-308. | ||
| - | [26] Cousineau, T. M., & Domar, A. D. (2007). Psychological impact of infertility. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 21(2), 293-308. | + | [28] Hruska KS, Furth PA, Seifer DB, Sharara FI, Flaws JA. Environmental factors in infertility. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology. 2000 Dec 1;43(4):821-9. |
| - | [27] Li, H. Y., & Zhang, H. (2013). Proteome analysis for profiling infertility markers in male mouse sperm after carbon ion radiation. Toxicology, 306, 85-92. | + | [29] Li, H. Y., & Zhang, H. (2013). Proteome analysis for profiling infertility markers in male mouse sperm after carbon ion radiation. Toxicology, 306, 85-92. |
| - | [28] Jung, A., & Schill, W. B. (2000). Male infertility. Current life style could be responsible for infertility. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 142(37), 31-33. | + | [30] Jung, A., & Schill, W. B. (2000). Male infertility. Current life style could be responsible for infertility. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 142(37), 31-33. |
| - | [29] Buchanan, J. F., & Davis, L. J. (1984). Drug-induced infertility. Drug intelligence & clinical pharmacy, 18(2), 122-132. | + | [31] Buchanan, J. F., & Davis, L. J. (1984). Drug-induced infertility. Drug intelligence & clinical pharmacy, 18(2), 122-132. |
| - | [30] Pasqualotto, F. F., Lucon, A. M., Sobreiro, B. P., Pasqualotto, E. B., & Arap, S. (2004). Effects of medical therapy, alcohol, smoking, and endocrine disruptors on male infertility. Revista do Hospital das Clínicas, 59(6), 375-382. | + | [32] Pasqualotto, F. F., Lucon, A. M., Sobreiro, B. P., Pasqualotto, E. B., & Arap, S. (2004). Effects of medical therapy, alcohol, smoking, and endocrine disruptors on male infertility. Revista do Hospital das Clínicas, 59(6), 375-382. |
| - | [31] Rouchou B. Consequences of infertility in developing countries. Perspectives in public health. 2013 May;133(3):174-9. | + | [33] Rouchou B. Consequences of infertility in developing countries. Perspectives in public health. 2013 May;133(3):174-9. |
| - | [32] Dyer SJ, Abrahams N, Hoffman M, van der Spuy ZM. Men leave me as I cannot have children': women's experiences with involuntary childlessness. Human Reproduction. 2002 Jun 1;17(6):1663-8. | + | [34] Dyer SJ, Abrahams N, Hoffman M, van der Spuy ZM. Men leave me as I cannot have children': women's experiences with involuntary childlessness. Human Reproduction. 2002 Jun 1;17(6):1663-8. |
| - | [33] Wischmann T, Thorn P. (Male) infertility: what does it mean to men? New evidence from quantitative and qualitative studies. Reproductive biomedicine online. 2013 Sep 1;27(3):236-43. | + | [35] Wischmann T, Thorn P. (Male) infertility: what does it mean to men? New evidence from quantitative and qualitative studies. Reproductive biomedicine online. 2013 Sep 1;27(3):236-43. |
| - | [34] Patel, A. P., & Smith, R. P. (2016). Vasectomy reversal: a clinical update. Asian journal of andrology, 18(3), 365. | + | [36] Patel, A. P., & Smith, R. P. (2016). Vasectomy reversal: a clinical update. Asian journal of andrology, 18(3), 365. |
| - | [35] Wall, J., & Jayasena, C. N. (2018). Diagnosing male infertility. BMJ, k3202. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3202 | + | [37] Wall, J., & Jayasena, C. N. (2018). Diagnosing male infertility. BMJ, k3202. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3202 |
| - | [36] Khourdaji I, Lee H, Smith RP. Frontiers in hormone therapy for male infertility. Translational andrology and urology. 2018 Jul;7(Suppl 3):S353. | + | [38] Khourdaji I, Lee H, Smith RP. Frontiers in hormone therapy for male infertility. Translational andrology and urology. 2018 Jul;7(Suppl 3):S353. |
| - | [37] Mayo Clinic. (2018, March 08). Female infertility. Retrieved February 25, 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313 | + | [39] Mayo Clinic. (2018, March 08). Female infertility. Retrieved February 25, 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313 |
| - | [38] Nayernia, K., Li, M., Jaroszynski, L., Khusainov, R., Wulf, G., Schwandt, I., ... & Engel, W. (2004). Stem cell based therapeutical approach of male infertility by teratocarcinoma derived germ cells. Human molecular genetics, 13(14), 1451-1460. | + | [40] Nayernia, K., Li, M., Jaroszynski, L., Khusainov, R., Wulf, G., Schwandt, I., ... & Engel, W. (2004). Stem cell based therapeutical approach of male infertility by teratocarcinoma derived germ cells. Human molecular genetics, 13(14), 1451-1460. |
