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group_3_presentation_1_-_fat_loss_supplements [2016/09/30 21:39] sharms64 |
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| The use of supplements may give the user hope that they are attaining their goal and may choose to reward that with culinary pleasure. They may depend on the supplements entering a cycle of excessive supplement use and poor diet.<sup>[9]</sup> | The use of supplements may give the user hope that they are attaining their goal and may choose to reward that with culinary pleasure. They may depend on the supplements entering a cycle of excessive supplement use and poor diet.<sup>[9]</sup> | ||
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| ====== Caffeine ====== | ====== Caffeine ====== | ||
| Caffeine is viewed as the World’s most popular drug. | Caffeine is viewed as the World’s most popular drug. | ||
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| {{:caffeine-works-coffee.jpg|}} | {{:caffeine-works-coffee.jpg|}} | ||
| - | **Figure 4**: Caffeine and adenosine have similar molecular structure allowing them to form an antagonistic relationship. | + | **Figure 2**: Caffeine and adenosine have similar molecular structure allowing them to form an antagonistic relationship. |
| When caffeine binds to adenosine receptors, adenosine is not able to bind, and the adenosine receptors are antagonized. | When caffeine binds to adenosine receptors, adenosine is not able to bind, and the adenosine receptors are antagonized. | ||
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| ===== Mechanism ===== | ===== Mechanism ===== | ||
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| The key within ephedrine’s mechanism of action lies with its similar molecular structure to adrenaline (epinephrine) as a sympathomimetic amine. Adrenaline is naturally produced by the body’s adrenal glands and binds to adrenergic receptors to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system in flight-or-flight response. This response includes increased blood flow to skeletal muscles, mobilizing energy, and increased heart output. | The key within ephedrine’s mechanism of action lies with its similar molecular structure to adrenaline (epinephrine) as a sympathomimetic amine. Adrenaline is naturally produced by the body’s adrenal glands and binds to adrenergic receptors to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system in flight-or-flight response. This response includes increased blood flow to skeletal muscles, mobilizing energy, and increased heart output. | ||
| - | Ephedrine’s structure allows it to bind to adrenergic receptors. The bulk of its effect comes from the pre-synaptic neuron being unable to distinguish between real adrenaline from ephedrine. Specifically, it directly agonizes all three subsets of β-adrenergic receptors in brown adipose tissue while sparing activation from the α-adrenergic receptors. When stimulated, the β-class of adrenergic receptors simulate lipolysis – the breakdown of fats by hydrolysis to release fatty acids. | + | Ephedrine’s structure allows it to bind to adrenergic receptors. The bulk of its effect comes from the pre-synaptic neuron being unable to distinguish between real adrenaline from ephedrine. Specifically, it directly agonizes all three subsets of β-adrenergic receptors in brown adipose tissue while sparing activation from the α-adrenergic receptors. When stimulated, the β-class of adrenergic receptors simulate lipolysis – the breakdown of fats by hydrolysis to release fatty acids. Associated with the increased fat oxidation, ephedrine is also able increase metabolic rate through increasing resting energy expenditure (REE) independent of exercise. This is in contrast to caffeine, which requires exercise to induce its fat-burning effects. |
| - | Associated with the increased fat oxidation, ephedrine is also able increase metabolic rate through increasing resting energy expenditure (REE) independent of exercise. This is in contrast to caffeine, which requires exercise to induce its fat-burning effects. | + | |
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| + | {{:metabolism1.jpg?400|Lipolysis pathway}} | ||
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| + | **Figure 4**: Illustration of the lipolysis pathway by which ephedrine stimulates when binding with beta-adrenergic receptors in adipocytes. | ||
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| + | When accumulates in the the blood, it takes the place of epinephrine to cause the breakdown of triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol. | ||
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| ===== Clinical Data ===== | ===== Clinical Data ===== | ||
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| - | <box width classes round white centre| **Raspberry Ketone**> {{:raspberry_ketone_-_chemical_makeup.png?300|This is the molecular formula for Raspberry Ketone}}</box| Figure 4: Chemical Structure of Raspberry Ketone> | + | <box width classes round white centre| **Raspberry Ketone**> {{:raspberry_ketone_-_chemical_makeup.png?300|This is the molecular formula for Raspberry Ketone}}</box| Figure 5: Chemical Structure of Raspberry Ketone> |
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| - | **Figure 5**: Showing the results of the test subjects that were on a high-fat diet | + | **Figure 6**: Showing the results of the test subjects that were on a high-fat diet |
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| Using rodents as the test subject, they were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) that included a 0.5, 1, 2% of raspberry ketone (RK) for 10 weeks. Another experiment conducted alongside the previous one was done by feeding rodents a HFD for 6 weeks and then the last 5 weeks a HFD however with %1 RK. The results showed that RK did indeed prevent the HFD-induced elevations in body weight, as well as decreased the weight of the liver and triacylglycerol. Red raspberry ketone was seen to increase norepinephrine-induced lipolysis through the translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase coming from the cytosol to lipid droplets in the fat cells. Additionally, it stimulated the metabolism of adipose tissues (white and brown) as well as inhibiting small intestinal absorption through suppressing pancreatic lipase activity.<sup>[27]</sup> | Using rodents as the test subject, they were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) that included a 0.5, 1, 2% of raspberry ketone (RK) for 10 weeks. Another experiment conducted alongside the previous one was done by feeding rodents a HFD for 6 weeks and then the last 5 weeks a HFD however with %1 RK. The results showed that RK did indeed prevent the HFD-induced elevations in body weight, as well as decreased the weight of the liver and triacylglycerol. Red raspberry ketone was seen to increase norepinephrine-induced lipolysis through the translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase coming from the cytosol to lipid droplets in the fat cells. Additionally, it stimulated the metabolism of adipose tissues (white and brown) as well as inhibiting small intestinal absorption through suppressing pancreatic lipase activity.<sup>[27]</sup> | ||
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| Another significant study that involved numerous animals (rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits). The ingredient (raspberry ketone) was readily absorbed into the experiments gastrointestinal tract with an approximate dosage of 1 mmol/kg. It was seen that most of the ingested dosage was excreted out within the first 24 hours. The results of another study showed that there was a lower weight gain in male rats in a 90-day study, with the consumption of 280mg/kg of the substance. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) showed no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) with the dosage being set at roughly 100mg/kg. When the dosage increased to roughly 275mg and 700mg/kg there were higher enzyme activity levels recorded, specifically with alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. However, the study has several setbacks one specifically pertaining to that only 12% of the supplement used in question had raspberry ketone and the 88% remaining was unknown.<sup>[28]</sup> | Another significant study that involved numerous animals (rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits). The ingredient (raspberry ketone) was readily absorbed into the experiments gastrointestinal tract with an approximate dosage of 1 mmol/kg. It was seen that most of the ingested dosage was excreted out within the first 24 hours. The results of another study showed that there was a lower weight gain in male rats in a 90-day study, with the consumption of 280mg/kg of the substance. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) showed no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) with the dosage being set at roughly 100mg/kg. When the dosage increased to roughly 275mg and 700mg/kg there were higher enzyme activity levels recorded, specifically with alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. However, the study has several setbacks one specifically pertaining to that only 12% of the supplement used in question had raspberry ketone and the 88% remaining was unknown.<sup>[28]</sup> | ||
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| ===== Legal Status ===== | ===== Legal Status ===== | ||
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| Raspberry ketone as previously stated is marketed as a natural ingredient, but there are other countries that agree. Within Denmark, food supplements are regarded as novel food, which essentially means that it is ‘original’. A loop hole some companies use is they advertise their product that contains raspberry ketone towards the Danish or UK consumer. The average/recommended dosage of the ingredient has been highly contested with most reputable sources saying 100 to 1400mg/day while a person not on food supplements may just consume a few mg/day (1.8-3.8mg/day). This is approximately a 26 to 368 times higher difference.<sup>[28]</sup> | Raspberry ketone as previously stated is marketed as a natural ingredient, but there are other countries that agree. Within Denmark, food supplements are regarded as novel food, which essentially means that it is ‘original’. A loop hole some companies use is they advertise their product that contains raspberry ketone towards the Danish or UK consumer. The average/recommended dosage of the ingredient has been highly contested with most reputable sources saying 100 to 1400mg/day while a person not on food supplements may just consume a few mg/day (1.8-3.8mg/day). This is approximately a 26 to 368 times higher difference.<sup>[28]</sup> | ||
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| + | ====== Conclusion ====== | ||
| + | When selecting and determining the efficacy of fat loss supplements it is important to examine the various ingredients listed on the label. The supplement industry is a for-profit business and oftentimes, there may be unsubstantiated and exaggerated claims of weight loss and it is therefore more crucial to look at relevant scientific studies to validate such statements. Furthermore, it is also imperative to critically analyze the studies that were performed and determine whether it the results can be applicable to human dosages. For example, studies done on raspberry ketones may show some promise in rodents, but has no evidence of efficacy in humans. Moreover, when converting rodent to human dosage, the required supplementation becomes astronomically high. Other critical variables regarding dietary supplements also include safety and toxicity. It is strongly advised for individuals looking at fat loss supplements to do their own extensive research on individual compounds and risks involved. | ||
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| ====== References ====== | ====== References ====== | ||
| [1] Williamson, J. (n.d.). What Is a Fat Burner? Retrieved from http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/14407/1/What-Is-a-Fat-Burner.html | [1] Williamson, J. (n.d.). What Is a Fat Burner? Retrieved from http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/14407/1/What-Is-a-Fat-Burner.html | ||
