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group_2_presentation_2_-_effects_of_caffeine [2018/03/02 15:08] yousifcr |
group_2_presentation_2_-_effects_of_caffeine [2018/03/02 21:03] (current) alalawn [Caffeinated Spider] |
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| ====== What is Caffeine? ====== | ====== What is Caffeine? ====== | ||
| - | <box 15% round right| > {{ :caffeine-chemical-structure.jpg?150|}} </box|Figure 1: Chemical structure of Caffeine> | + | <box 15% round right| > {{ :caffeine-chemical-structure.jpg?150|}} </box|Figure 1: Chemical structure of Caffeine (Wikipedia, 2018)> |
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| * Aggravation | * Aggravation | ||
| * Improving performance of simple tasks, athletic performance | * Improving performance of simple tasks, athletic performance | ||
| - | * Impairing short term memory | ||
| * Increasing concentration, insomnia, restlessness, alertness, attentiveness | * Increasing concentration, insomnia, restlessness, alertness, attentiveness | ||
| * Suppressing appetite | * Suppressing appetite | ||
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| - | //Caffeine Consumption Post-study// | + | **Caffeine Consumption Post-study** |
| <box 35% round right| > {{ :studies_for_methology_.png?300|}} </box|Figure 5: A visual of the study methodology. Participants were asked to recall if a photo presented was one they saw previously, was just a similar photo, or a completely new photo. (Borota et al., 2014)> | <box 35% round right| > {{ :studies_for_methology_.png?300|}} </box|Figure 5: A visual of the study methodology. Participants were asked to recall if a photo presented was one they saw previously, was just a similar photo, or a completely new photo. (Borota et al., 2014)> | ||
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| - | //Caffeine Consumption Pre-study// | + | **Caffeine Consumption Pre-study** |
| In a second study, the effects of drinking caffeine before studying was explored. This study examined the effects of caffeine consumption on event-based and time-based prospective memory in 43 regular caffeine drinkers. Half of the participants were given 50 mg via an instant coffee drink, and the other half received decaffeinated coffee (which contains about 1.8 mg of caffeine) prior to the start of their task. Participants were entered into a virtual setting in which they had to complete tasks in order to get ready for a work meeting. This specific setting is to test two different types of memory; event-based and time-based prospective. Event-based prospective memory is the ability to remember to carry out a task when prompted by an event which appeared as you were carrying out another task. Time-based prospective memory is remembering to carry out a task at a specific time. It was found that those who consumed the caffeinated drink were more accurate in both their event-based and time-based prospective memory (87%, 80%) compared to those who consumed a decaffeinated drink (72%, 69%) (Soar, Chapman, Lavan, Jansari, & Turner, 2016). | In a second study, the effects of drinking caffeine before studying was explored. This study examined the effects of caffeine consumption on event-based and time-based prospective memory in 43 regular caffeine drinkers. Half of the participants were given 50 mg via an instant coffee drink, and the other half received decaffeinated coffee (which contains about 1.8 mg of caffeine) prior to the start of their task. Participants were entered into a virtual setting in which they had to complete tasks in order to get ready for a work meeting. This specific setting is to test two different types of memory; event-based and time-based prospective. Event-based prospective memory is the ability to remember to carry out a task when prompted by an event which appeared as you were carrying out another task. Time-based prospective memory is remembering to carry out a task at a specific time. It was found that those who consumed the caffeinated drink were more accurate in both their event-based and time-based prospective memory (87%, 80%) compared to those who consumed a decaffeinated drink (72%, 69%) (Soar, Chapman, Lavan, Jansari, & Turner, 2016). | ||
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| ====== Negative Effects of Caffeine Consumption ====== | ====== Negative Effects of Caffeine Consumption ====== | ||
| - | After having read about the effects of caffeine on the body, it has been noted that caffeine, (the only socially acceptable psychoactive drug), has negative effects on the body if consumed in higher doses (Whiteman, 2015). According to the Mayo Clinic, consuming about 500-600 mg of caffeine a day may lead to: | + | After having read about the effects of caffeine on the body, it has been noted that caffeine, (the only socially acceptable psychoactive drug), has negative effects on the body if consumed in higher doses (Whiteman, 2015). According to the Mayo Clinic (Mayo Clinic, 2017), consuming about 500-600 mg of caffeine a day may lead to: |
| * Insomnia | * Insomnia | ||
| * Nervousness | * Nervousness | ||
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| * Muscle tremors | * Muscle tremors | ||
| - | (Mayo Clinic, 2017) | ||
| - | The three negative effects that will be talked about are: | + | |
| + | There are three distinct negative effects (European Society of Cardiology, 2015): | ||
| - Frequency of urination | - Frequency of urination | ||
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| - Increased risk of cardiovascular events | - Increased risk of cardiovascular events | ||
| - | (European Society of Cardiology, 2015) | ||
| - | <box 35% round left| >{{:bladder_function.jpg?300|}} </box|Figure 6: This image shows sensation and volumes at bladder filling phases (mean±SE) in milliliters after water and caffeine ingestions (n=12) (FD=first desire to void, ND=normal desire to void, SD=strong desire to void, MCC=maximal cystometric capacity); * P≤0.05 on comparing the volumes after water and caffeine ingestions (Lohsiriwat, 2011).> | ||
| - | //Lohsiriwat, 2011 (Urgency and Frequency of Urination)// | + | <box 35% round left| >{{:bladder_function.jpg?300|}} </box|Figure 6: This image shows the after water and caffeine ingestions, in mililitres, for the 12 subjects, sensation and volumes at the bladder filling phases. (FD=first desire to void, ND=normal desire to void, SD=strong desire to void, MCC=maximal cystometric capacity); * P≤0.05 on comparing the volumes after water and caffeine ingestions (Lohsiriwat, 2011).> |
| + | |||
| + | **Urgency and Frequency of Urination** - Lohsiriwat, 2011 | ||
| A study looked at effects of caffeine on bladder function in patients with overactive bladder symptoms. Specifically, they looked at the effect of caffeine at a dose of 4.5 mg/kg on bladder function in overactive bladder adults. After ingestion of caffeine, at the dose mentioned, there was a decreased threshold of sensation at filling phase, meaning that you feel full earlier and the desire to urinate comes earlier, as well as an increase in flow rate of urine and voided volume. Therefore, caffeine can promote early urgency and frequency of urination as proved in the study as well as nocturia symptoms (Lohsiriwat, 2011). Nocturia is defined as a person having the complaint that they need to wake up frequently in the middle of the night for things such as urination (MedicineNet, 2016). Frequent urination would cause dehydration really quickly and this would lead to increased water loss. | A study looked at effects of caffeine on bladder function in patients with overactive bladder symptoms. Specifically, they looked at the effect of caffeine at a dose of 4.5 mg/kg on bladder function in overactive bladder adults. After ingestion of caffeine, at the dose mentioned, there was a decreased threshold of sensation at filling phase, meaning that you feel full earlier and the desire to urinate comes earlier, as well as an increase in flow rate of urine and voided volume. Therefore, caffeine can promote early urgency and frequency of urination as proved in the study as well as nocturia symptoms (Lohsiriwat, 2011). Nocturia is defined as a person having the complaint that they need to wake up frequently in the middle of the night for things such as urination (MedicineNet, 2016). Frequent urination would cause dehydration really quickly and this would lead to increased water loss. | ||
| - | //Mayo Clinic, 2017// | + | **Urgency and Frequency of Urination** - Mayo Clinic, 2017 |
| It is found that caffeine dulls the nerves that transmit messages between the bladder and the brain. With excess caffeine or a higher dosage, those nerves then are not able to recognize that the bladder has become full and results in an overflowing bladder and involuntary urine leakage. Therefore, it is important for people to stay hydrated with water or anything that gives the body the electrolytes needed, not just caffeine. | It is found that caffeine dulls the nerves that transmit messages between the bladder and the brain. With excess caffeine or a higher dosage, those nerves then are not able to recognize that the bladder has become full and results in an overflowing bladder and involuntary urine leakage. Therefore, it is important for people to stay hydrated with water or anything that gives the body the electrolytes needed, not just caffeine. | ||
| Taking this at a more relatable level, people who consume caffeine on a higher dose are, evidently, students, the working class, people who are busy and need that quick dose of alertness to start their day or stay up the night to study for an exam. In this hustle, they tend to rely on caffeine, mostly likely coffee as seen in today’s culture, to get them through their day. Higher amounts of caffeine, frequent and urgent of urination, causing increased water loss and electrolytes. It is fortunate however, that caffeine does not cause a dehydrating effect even if it is a diuretic. (Mayo Clinic, 2017) | Taking this at a more relatable level, people who consume caffeine on a higher dose are, evidently, students, the working class, people who are busy and need that quick dose of alertness to start their day or stay up the night to study for an exam. In this hustle, they tend to rely on caffeine, mostly likely coffee as seen in today’s culture, to get them through their day. Higher amounts of caffeine, frequent and urgent of urination, causing increased water loss and electrolytes. It is fortunate however, that caffeine does not cause a dehydrating effect even if it is a diuretic. (Mayo Clinic, 2017) | ||
| - | //Moawad, 2011 (Mood Changes)// | + | **Mood Changes** - Moawad, 2011 |
| People who consume caffeine, causes them to become irritable and anxious and in turn may affect their productivity. The reason why this happens is due to the enhanced alertness that caffeine induces. The enhanced alertness translates to enhanced focus on stimuli that does not need attention and may cause them to become irritated based on their tasks they need to get done and in turn, anxious towards not being able to get their tasks done. This is varied in persons, people who are not regular in-takers of caffeine may feel enhanced of these effects of irritableness and anxiety. (Moawad, 2017) | People who consume caffeine, causes them to become irritable and anxious and in turn may affect their productivity. The reason why this happens is due to the enhanced alertness that caffeine induces. The enhanced alertness translates to enhanced focus on stimuli that does not need attention and may cause them to become irritated based on their tasks they need to get done and in turn, anxious towards not being able to get their tasks done. This is varied in persons, people who are not regular in-takers of caffeine may feel enhanced of these effects of irritableness and anxiety. (Moawad, 2017) | ||
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| In another study, it was found that caffeine reduced fatigue (Loke, 1988), however it also led to increased tension and nervousness (Smith, 2002). Also, Lieberman, 1992, stated that, caffeine seems to increase anxiety when administered in single doses of 300 mg or higher. Of course this is a lot more than a typical caffeine-containing beverage, again increased intake of caffeine, increased effects of mood changes. | In another study, it was found that caffeine reduced fatigue (Loke, 1988), however it also led to increased tension and nervousness (Smith, 2002). Also, Lieberman, 1992, stated that, caffeine seems to increase anxiety when administered in single doses of 300 mg or higher. Of course this is a lot more than a typical caffeine-containing beverage, again increased intake of caffeine, increased effects of mood changes. | ||
| - | //Dr. Mos, 2015 (Risk of Cardiovascular Events)// | + | **Risk of Cardiovascular Events** - European Society of Cardiology, 2015 |
| - | **Coffee Drinking and Hypertension** | + | //Coffee Drinking and Hypertension// |
| In a 12 year study, done by a cardiologist in Italy, Dr. Lucio Mos, evaluated the effects of coffee drinking in more than 1, 200 patients. He wanted to see if coffee drinking had an effect on the risk of cardiovascular events and if the link was mediated by effects on blood pressure and glucose metabolism. The summary of the results were that heavy coffee drinkers, meaning they have 4 cups or more of coffee, had a four-fold increased risk of mild hypertension, and moderate coffee drinkers, having 1-3 cups of coffee a day, tripled their risk. (European Society of Cardiology, 2015) | In a 12 year study, done by a cardiologist in Italy, Dr. Lucio Mos, evaluated the effects of coffee drinking in more than 1, 200 patients. He wanted to see if coffee drinking had an effect on the risk of cardiovascular events and if the link was mediated by effects on blood pressure and glucose metabolism. The summary of the results were that heavy coffee drinkers, meaning they have 4 cups or more of coffee, had a four-fold increased risk of mild hypertension, and moderate coffee drinkers, having 1-3 cups of coffee a day, tripled their risk. (European Society of Cardiology, 2015) | ||
| - | **How the Research was Conducted** | + | //How the Research was Conducted// |
| The participants that were included in the study were from ages 18-45, non-diabetic patients from a prospective study who were untreated of stage 1 hypertension, meaning they had systolic pressure of 140-159 mmHg and diastolic pressure of 90 and 99 mmHg. The way the patients were categorized was based on coffee consumption, by the number of caffeine-containing cups per day: so there were non-drinkers, which had no caffeine-containing cups, moderate drinkers who had 1-3 cups of caffeine-containing cups per day, and heavy drinkers who had 4 or more cups of caffeine-containing cups per day. So out of the participants then, 26.3% of them were abstainers, never had coffee, thus no caffeine-containing cups, 62.7% were moderate coffee drinkers and 10% were heavy coffee drinkers. The coffee drinkers, they noted, were older of the 18-45 age group and had a higher body mass index than the ones who did not drink coffee. From this study, Dr. Mos found that there was a linear relationship between the consumption of coffee, caffeine-containing, and risk of hypertension, needing treatment. This relationship actually had statistical significance for the heavy drinkers of coffee of this study. The study also found a linear relationship between long term coffee drinking and risk of developing prediabetes, with a 100% increased risk of prediabetes in the participants who were heavy coffee drinkers. This however, was true for individuals with slow caffeine metabolizers, and this was according to the CYP1A2 genotype, that decides if the individuals can metabolize caffeine faster or slower. (European Society of Cardiology) | The participants that were included in the study were from ages 18-45, non-diabetic patients from a prospective study who were untreated of stage 1 hypertension, meaning they had systolic pressure of 140-159 mmHg and diastolic pressure of 90 and 99 mmHg. The way the patients were categorized was based on coffee consumption, by the number of caffeine-containing cups per day: so there were non-drinkers, which had no caffeine-containing cups, moderate drinkers who had 1-3 cups of caffeine-containing cups per day, and heavy drinkers who had 4 or more cups of caffeine-containing cups per day. So out of the participants then, 26.3% of them were abstainers, never had coffee, thus no caffeine-containing cups, 62.7% were moderate coffee drinkers and 10% were heavy coffee drinkers. The coffee drinkers, they noted, were older of the 18-45 age group and had a higher body mass index than the ones who did not drink coffee. From this study, Dr. Mos found that there was a linear relationship between the consumption of coffee, caffeine-containing, and risk of hypertension, needing treatment. This relationship actually had statistical significance for the heavy drinkers of coffee of this study. The study also found a linear relationship between long term coffee drinking and risk of developing prediabetes, with a 100% increased risk of prediabetes in the participants who were heavy coffee drinkers. This however, was true for individuals with slow caffeine metabolizers, and this was according to the CYP1A2 genotype, that decides if the individuals can metabolize caffeine faster or slower. (European Society of Cardiology) | ||
| - | <box 30% round right| > {{ :study-_graph_image.jpg?300|}} </box|Figure 7: A This image shows the risk of hypertension development according to level of coffee drinking (Mos, 2015).> | + | <box 30% round right| > {{ :study-_graph_image.jpg?300|}} </box|Figure 7: A This image shows the risk of hypertension development according to level of coffee drinking (European Society of Cardiology, 2015).> |
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| ====== Amount of Caffeine Present in Typical Drinks ====== | ====== Amount of Caffeine Present in Typical Drinks ====== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The usual drinks that everyone consumes nowadays may or may not have caffeine in them. For instance, Hot chocolate could have up to 19 milligrams of caffeine per cup, Green tea has 20 milligrams of caffeine per cup, a shot of espresso has 27 milligrams of caffeine per container, and a can of cola has up to 40 milligrams of caffeine. Coca-cola and Pepsi beverages, in general, contain a high amount of sugar and caffeine, and most individuals are not aware of that. Since cola beverages have higher doses of caffeine in them, this could lead to heart arrhythmia due to caffeine toxicity, or caffeine overdose. Coffee has the highest amount of caffeine, almost up to 95 milligrams of caffeine per cup and just like cola beverages coffee overdose has severe side effects (Gromadzki, 2016). | ||
| <box 45% round left| > {{:amount_of_caffeine_per_cup.png?500 |}} </box|Figure 8: This image demonstrates how much caffeine is contained in typical drinks a consumer uses (Gromadzki, 2016).> | <box 45% round left| > {{:amount_of_caffeine_per_cup.png?500 |}} </box|Figure 8: This image demonstrates how much caffeine is contained in typical drinks a consumer uses (Gromadzki, 2016).> | ||
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| ====== Caffeinated Spider ====== | ====== Caffeinated Spider ====== | ||
| + | The effects of caffeine are universal, meaning every creature who over-consume caffeine will be targeted to specific side effects. In this figure, These are spider webs made by spiders on drugs and toxins. The spider that has no chemical within its body; it is a normal spider, and the normal spider was able to create an intricate web. However, the spider on caffeine was not able to make an intricate design like an ordinary spider, fewer threads are joined, and the web was randomly created. The spider on chloral hydrate, which is used as either a sedative or a hypnotic pharmaceutical drug also has an irregular wed design. Therefore Caffeine could produce side effects if used severely just like any synthesized drug (Gromadzki, 2016). | ||
| <box 35% round middle| > {{:caffeinatedspider.jpg?400 |}} </box|Figure 9: This image shows how certain drugs and toxins may affect the ability of a spider to build a spiderweb. Particularly, on caffeine, the spider is unable to make an intricate design of a web, fewer threads together and randomly done (Gromadzki, 2016).> | <box 35% round middle| > {{:caffeinatedspider.jpg?400 |}} </box|Figure 9: This image shows how certain drugs and toxins may affect the ability of a spider to build a spiderweb. Particularly, on caffeine, the spider is unable to make an intricate design of a web, fewer threads together and randomly done (Gromadzki, 2016).> | ||
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| Coffee is considered to be an essential element in our daily lives because coffee has the highest Caffeine concentration of 95 mg per cup as mentioned in the previous information. Coffee is indeed has become a tradition in almost every society in every country on this planet due to its heavy consumption by people. There are twelve famous coffee chains; these chains are distributed in nearly every country. These chains are Gloria Jean's Coffee, Caribou Coffee, Coffee Beanery, Dunkin's’ Donuts, Starbucks coffee, McCafe, Costa Coffee, Tully’s Coffee, Peet's Tea and Coffee, Lavazza Coffee, Bewley’s Coffee and Tim Hortons (Top 12 Largest Coffee, 2010). In Canada in Particular, the three most famous chains are: | Coffee is considered to be an essential element in our daily lives because coffee has the highest Caffeine concentration of 95 mg per cup as mentioned in the previous information. Coffee is indeed has become a tradition in almost every society in every country on this planet due to its heavy consumption by people. There are twelve famous coffee chains; these chains are distributed in nearly every country. These chains are Gloria Jean's Coffee, Caribou Coffee, Coffee Beanery, Dunkin's’ Donuts, Starbucks coffee, McCafe, Costa Coffee, Tully’s Coffee, Peet's Tea and Coffee, Lavazza Coffee, Bewley’s Coffee and Tim Hortons (Top 12 Largest Coffee, 2010). In Canada in Particular, the three most famous chains are: | ||
| - | //Tim Hortons// | + | **Tim Hortons** |
| It's Known to be Canada’s favorite coffee. It’s a Canadian chain, and it was founded in 1964 by Miles Gilbert “Tim Hortons” which he was a famous hockey player in Canada. It’s the largest quick service restaurant in Canada. There are 4000 stores all around the globe with revenue of 3.225 Billion US Dollar annually with over 100’000 employees (Top 12 Largest Coffee, 2010). There are 3802 stores in Canada alone and its expanding every year. | It's Known to be Canada’s favorite coffee. It’s a Canadian chain, and it was founded in 1964 by Miles Gilbert “Tim Hortons” which he was a famous hockey player in Canada. It’s the largest quick service restaurant in Canada. There are 4000 stores all around the globe with revenue of 3.225 Billion US Dollar annually with over 100’000 employees (Top 12 Largest Coffee, 2010). There are 3802 stores in Canada alone and its expanding every year. | ||
| - | //Starbucks// | + | **Starbucks** |
| It was founded in 1971 by Three people named: Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegel, and Gordon Bowker in the United States of America. There are approximately 21,000 shops all over the world with a revenue of over 16 billion US Dollar (Top 12 Largest Coffee, 2010). In Canada alone, there approximately 1200 shops and this number is rising every year. The first shop was opened for the first time in Vancouver in 1987 at Seabus Skytrain Station (Our Canadian story, 2018) | It was founded in 1971 by Three people named: Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegel, and Gordon Bowker in the United States of America. There are approximately 21,000 shops all over the world with a revenue of over 16 billion US Dollar (Top 12 Largest Coffee, 2010). In Canada alone, there approximately 1200 shops and this number is rising every year. The first shop was opened for the first time in Vancouver in 1987 at Seabus Skytrain Station (Our Canadian story, 2018) | ||
| - | //McCafe// | + | **McCafe** |
| This Coffee chain is partially part of the McDonald’s chain which is one of the largest fast-food chains in the world. Their coffee chain was founded in 1993 by Dick and Mac McDonald in the United States of America. However, the coffee chain was officially in stores in 2002; there are around 300 stores worldwide with estimated revenue of 1.86 Billion US Dollar mostly is found in USA and Canada (Top 12 Largest Coffee, 2010). The first store in Canada was launched in 2011 (Our History, 2018) | This Coffee chain is partially part of the McDonald’s chain which is one of the largest fast-food chains in the world. Their coffee chain was founded in 1993 by Dick and Mac McDonald in the United States of America. However, the coffee chain was officially in stores in 2002; there are around 300 stores worldwide with estimated revenue of 1.86 Billion US Dollar mostly is found in USA and Canada (Top 12 Largest Coffee, 2010). The first store in Canada was launched in 2011 (Our History, 2018) | ||
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| - European Society of Cardiology. (2015). Coffee linked with increased cardiovascular risk in young adults with mild hypertension. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150829123701.htm | - European Society of Cardiology. (2015). Coffee linked with increased cardiovascular risk in young adults with mild hypertension. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150829123701.htm | ||
| - Glade, M.J. (2010). Caffeine-Not just a stimulant. Nutrition, 26(10), 932-938. | - Glade, M.J. (2010). Caffeine-Not just a stimulant. Nutrition, 26(10), 932-938. | ||
| + | - Gromadzki, S. (2016). Caffeine Addiction. Full Health Secrets. Retrieved from http://www.fullhealthsecrets.com/diseases/caffeine-addiction/. | ||
| - Greden et al. Anxiety and Depression Associated with Caffeinism Among Psychiatric Inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133:8, Aug 1978. | - Greden et al. Anxiety and Depression Associated with Caffeinism Among Psychiatric Inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133:8, Aug 1978. | ||
| - Greden, J. F., Fontaine, P., Lubetsky, M., & Chamberlin, K. (1978). Anxiety and depression associated with caffeinism among psychiatric inpatients. The American journal of psychiatry, 135(8):963-6. | - Greden, J. F., Fontaine, P., Lubetsky, M., & Chamberlin, K. (1978). Anxiety and depression associated with caffeinism among psychiatric inpatients. The American journal of psychiatry, 135(8):963-6. | ||
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| - Jahanfar, S., & Jaafar, S. H. (2013). Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2. | - Jahanfar, S., & Jaafar, S. H. (2013). Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2. | ||
| - Perera, V., Gross, A. S., & McLachlan, A. J. (2010). Caffeine and paraxanthine HPLC assay for CYP1A2 phenotype assessment using saliva and plasma. Biomedical Chromatography, 24(10), 1136-1144. | - Perera, V., Gross, A. S., & McLachlan, A. J. (2010). Caffeine and paraxanthine HPLC assay for CYP1A2 phenotype assessment using saliva and plasma. Biomedical Chromatography, 24(10), 1136-1144. | ||
| + | - Wikipedia contributors. (2018, March 2). Caffeine. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 00:34, March 3, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caffeine&oldid=828418797 | ||
| - Winstead, D. K. (1976). Coffee consumption among psychiatric inpatients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 133(12), 1447-1450. | - Winstead, D. K. (1976). Coffee consumption among psychiatric inpatients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 133(12), 1447-1450. | ||
| - Zeratsky K. (2017). The Myth about Caffeine and Dehydration. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/caffeinated-drinks/faq-20057965 | - Zeratsky K. (2017). The Myth about Caffeine and Dehydration. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/caffeinated-drinks/faq-20057965 | ||
