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--- group_1_presentation_3_-_physiological_effects_of_caffeine [2020/03/24 20:27]
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+++ group_1_presentation_3_-_physiological_effects_of_caffeine [2020/03/26 13:28] (current)
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 ====== Presentation Slides ======
+{{::lifesci_4m03_group1_caffeine.pptx|Caffeine Presentation}}
 ====== Introduction ======
+Coffee is a big part of many people’s daily lives. For those unaware of what it is, it is a legal central nervous system stimulant found in many widely-consumed goods. For example, this naturally occurring stimulant is found in coffee beans, tea leaves, chocolate, medications and even soft drinks! It is so popular that it is considered the world's most widely consumed psychoactive "drug". It is a well-known fact that it can help individuals stay awake and keep alert! Many of you reading this probably rely on coffee every day to help you get through the day. Many of you also might experience withdrawal symptoms if you don't get your daily intake of caffeine; you’ve developed tolerance and it is a part of your culture now. But you have to wonder, is it good for you? How much is too much? Should you drink coffee every day? and will it harm you in the long-term? We’re not sure either, but that’s what we wanted to examine through this project. Through this wiki, we hope to educate you on the effects of caffeine on your digestive system, cardiovascular system, mental health, and sleep and alertness. Additionally, we look at some of the positive outcomes of consuming caffeine in the short and long-term.
 ====== Caffeine and the Digestive System ======
 Consuming caffeine, especially in high amounts, has significant impacts on the gastrointestinal tract, metabolism, urination tendencies and bowel movements. Caffeine is consumed more than any stimulant drug in the world. Coffee has also been linked to stimulating gallbladder contraction and colonic motor activity (Boekema et al., 1999). Other studies have found that coffee consumption decreases the risk of digestive tract and liver cancer, especially gastric cancer (Romualdo et al., 2019). Romualdo et al., (2019) found that daily coffee drinking significantly reduces the risk of gastric cancer by 7% when compared to non-coffee drinkers. Those who drank 3-4 cups of coffee a day had a 12% risk decrease. However, more research should be conducted to establish a solid correlation, before everyone starts drinking large amounts of coffee (Romualdo et al., 2019). Caffeine is rapidly and almost completely absorbed (99%) in the GI tract, within 45 minutes of consumption (Romualdo et al., 2019). 20% is absorbed by the stomach and the majority by the small intestine. (Romualdo et al., 2019). Since the GI tract experiences caffeine at the highest concentration, it is impacted the most by it.
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-**Figure : Change in self-reported anxiety based on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) after exposure to different doses of caffeine.** Data represents mean peak change from pre-caffeine baseline in participants post-caffeine exposure. Only the the highest dose of caffeine (450mg) significantly increased ratings of anxiety (p-value<0.01). (Childs et al., 2008).
+**Figure 3: Change in self-reported anxiety based on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) after exposure to different doses of caffeine.** Data represents mean peak change from pre-caffeine baseline in participants post-caffeine exposure. Only the the highest dose of caffeine (450mg) significantly increased ratings of anxiety (p-value<0.01). (Childs et al., 2008).
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-**Figure : Change in self-reported anxiety based on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) after exposure to placebo and 150mg of caffeine.** Between the three genotypic groups, only the 1976T/T groups reported significant increase in anxiety. (Alsene et al., 2003).
+**Figure 4: Change in self-reported anxiety based on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) after exposure to placebo and 150mg of caffeine.** Between the three genotypic groups, only the 1976T/T groups reported significant increase in anxiety. (Alsene et al., 2003).
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-**Figure : Change in self-reported anxiety based on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) after exposure to placebo and 150mg of caffeine.** Between the three genotypic groups, only the 1976T/T groups reported significant increase in anxiety. (Alsene et al., 2003).
+**Figure 5: Change in self-reported anxiety based on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) after exposure to placebo and 150mg of caffeine.** Between the three genotypic groups, only the 1976T/T groups reported significant increase in anxiety. (Alsene et al., 2003).
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 {{ :what-to-expect-from-caffeine-withdrawal-21844-v1-5c521bb246e0fb000180a7ec.png?nolink&500 |}}
-**Figure : Common symptoms resulting from cessation of caffeine.** Withdrawal from caffeine causes mild to clinically significant distress and impairment of daily functioning. Caffeine withdrawal symptoms begin around 12-24 hours after cessation of caffeine intake and reach maximum intensity 20-48 hours after abstinence (Schuh and Griffiths, 1997). Common symptoms include headaches, fatigue, decreased alertness, nausea and a negative mood.
+**Figure 6: Common symptoms resulting from cessation of caffeine.** Withdrawal from caffeine causes mild to clinically significant distress and impairment of daily functioning. Caffeine withdrawal symptoms begin around 12-24 hours after cessation of caffeine intake and reach maximum intensity 20-48 hours after abstinence (Schuh and Griffiths, 1997). Common symptoms include headaches, fatigue, decreased alertness, nausea and a negative mood.
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 ====== Conclusion ======
+From what we’ve seen in this wiki, there are so many processes affected by the consumption of caffeine. To put this into perspective, considering that this is the world’s most consumed stimulant, it is significantly impacting the lives of many on a daily basis! In terms of the digestive system, while it is a known laxative and diuretic, it has the potential to exert protective effects on the stomach from things like gastric cancer! Additionally, it aids on our body in glucose metabolism. However, due to its acidic nature and associated irritating effect on the mucosal layers of the esophagus and stomach, we see an increase in gastroesophageal reflux and heartburn. Essentially, we seem some pros and cons of caffeine in the context of our digestive system. Similarly, the cardiovascular system has potential to be impacted by caffeine consumption. Its acute effects involve an increase in blood pressure, but a decrease in heart rate. Intuitively speaking, that means chronic caffeine consumption can potentially result in hypertension. Aside from caffeine-induced anxiety, increased wakefulness when one is trying to sleep, and the withdrawal symptoms, we see that there can be positive effects of caffeine consumption. Despite all the information provided in this wiki, it is important to realise that much of the results are inconclusive, and more research needs to be conducted. As such, take everything with a grain of salt and try to remain informed when consuming caffeine!
 ====== References ======
+Alsene, K., Deckert, J., Sand, P., & de Wit, H. (2003). Association Between A2a Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Caffeine-Induced Anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(9), 1694-1702. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300232
 Arendt, J. (2009). Managing jet lag: Some of the problems and possible new solutions. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 13(4), 249–256. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2008.07.011
 Benowitz, N. L. (1990). Clinical pharmacology of caffeine. Annual review of medicine, 41(1), 277-288.
+Bichler, A., Swenson, A., & Harris, M. A. (2006). A combination of caffeine and taurine has no effect on short term memory but induces changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Amino acids, 31(4), 471-476.
 Boekema, J., Samsom, M., van Berge Henegouwen, G.P., Smout, P. (1999). Coffee and gastrointestinal function: facts and fiction: a review. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 34(230), 35-39.
 Burke, T. M., Markwald, R. R., Mchill, A. W., Chinoy, E. D., Snider, J. A., Bessman, S. C., … Wright, K. P. (2015). Effects of caffeine on the human circadian clock in vivo and in vitro. Science Translational Medicine, 7(305). doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5125
+Childs, E., Hohoff, C., Deckert, J., Xu, K., Badner, J., & de Wit, H. (2008). Association between ADORA2A and DRD2 Polymorphisms and Caffeine-Induced Anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(12), 2791-2800. doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.17
 Chrysant, S. G. (2017). The impact of coffee consumption on blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 15(3), 151–156. doi: 10.1080/14779072.2017.1287563
+Daniels, J. W., Molé, P. A., Shaffrath, J. D., & Stebbins, C. L. (1998). Effects of caffeine on blood pressure, heart rate, and forearm blood flow during dynamic leg exercise. Journal of applied physiology, 85(1), 154-159.
 Dowell, M. (2018, November 1). Does Caffeine Cause High Blood Pressure? Retrieved from https://www.cheatsheet.com/health-fitness/does-caffeine-cause-high-blood-pressure.html/
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 Eamudomkarn, N., Kietpeerakool, C., Kaewrudee, S., Jampathong, N., Ngamjarus, C., & Lumbiganon, P. (2018). Effect of postoperative coffee consumption on gastrointestinal function after abdominal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-9.
+Fredholm, B., Arslan, G., Halldner, L., Kull, B., Schulte, G., & Wasserman, W. (2000). Structure and function of adenosine receptors and their genes. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives Of Pharmacology, 362(4-5), 364-374. doi: 10.1007/s002100000313
 Gkegkes, I. D., Minis, E. E., & Iavazzo, C. (2020). Effect of Caffeine Intake on Postoperative Ileus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Digestive surgery, 37(1), 22-31.
 Gleason, J. L., Richter, H. E., Redden, D. T., Goode, P. S., Burgio, K. L., & Markland, A. D. (2013). Caffeine and urinary incontinence in US women. International urogynecology journal, 24(2), 295-302.
+Green, P. J., Kirby, R., & Suls, J. (1996). The effects of caffeine on blood pressure and heart rate: a review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 18(3), 201-216.
 Harvard Health Publishing. (n.d.). Coffee and your blood pressure. Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/coffee_and_your_blood_pressure
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 Meredith, S. E., Juliano, L. M., Hughes, J. R., & Griffiths, R. R. (2013). Caffeine Use Disorder: A Comprehensive Review and Research Agenda. Journal of caffeine research, 3(3), 114–130.
+Rauh, R., Burkert, M., Siepmann, M., & Mueck‐Weymann, M. (2006). Acute effects of caffeine on heart rate variability in habitual caffeine consumers. Clinical physiology and functional imaging, 26(3), 163-166.
 Romualdo, G. R., Rocha, A. B., Vinken, M., Cogliati, B., Moreno, F. S., Chaves, M. A. G., & Barbisan, L. F. (2019). Drinking for protection? Epidemiological and experimental evidence on the beneficial effects of coffee or major coffee compounds against gastrointestinal and liver carcinogenesis. Food Research International. 123, 567-589.
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 Sigmon, S. C., Herning, R. I., Better, W., Cadet, J. L., & Griffiths, R. R. (2009). Caffeine withdrawal, acute effects, tolerance, and absence of net beneficial effects of chronic administration: cerebral blood flow velocity, quantitative EEG, and subjective effects. Psychopharmacology, 204(4), 573-585.
+Snyder, S. H., & Sklar, P. (1984). Behavioral and molecular actions of caffeine: focus on adenosine. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 18(2), 91-106.
 Staack, A., Distelberg, B., Schlaifer, A., & Sabaté, J. (2017). Prospective study on the effects of regular and decaffeinated coffee on urinary symptoms in young and healthy volunteers. Neurourology and urodynamics, 36(2), 432-437.
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 Willett, W. C. (1996). Coffee Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease in Women. Jama, 275(6), 458. doi: 10.1001/jama.1996.03530300042038
+Whitsett, T. L., Manion, C. V., & Christensen, H. D. (1984). Cardiovascular effects of coffee and caffeine. The American journal of cardiology, 53(7), 918-922.
+Yeragani, V. K., Krishnan, S., Engels, H. J., & Gretebeck, R. (2005). Effects of caffeine on linear and nonlinear measures of heart rate variability before and after exercise. Depression and anxiety, 21(3), 130-134.

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