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group_1_presentation_3_-_crying [2018/03/30 19:40] mohameah |
group_1_presentation_3_-_crying [2018/03/30 20:04] (current) mohameah |
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| ====== Crying ====== | ====== Crying ====== | ||
| - | <box 50% round | > {{ :crying.jpg?525 |}} </box| Figure 1: Young child crying. https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/babies-in-canada-u-k-and-italy-cry-more-than-elsewhere-study-1.3352705 > | + | <box 50% round | > {{ :crying.jpg?600 |}} </box| Figure 1: Baby crying. https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/babies-in-canada-u-k-and-italy-cry-more-than-elsewhere-study-1.3352705 > |
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| + | ===== Functions of Crying ===== | ||
| + | <box 30% round right | > {{ :empathy.jpg?250 |}} </box| Figure 2: Empathy. https://mankindprojectjournal.org/2016/10/why-do-leaders-lack-empathy/ | ||
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| - | ===== Functions of Crying ===== | ||
| Crying can be elicited by various events that range from extremely negative to extremely positive experiences (Gracanin, Bylsma & Vingerhoets, 2014). Crying often occurs in situations that are characterized by separation, loss and helplessness and being overwhelmed by strong emotions. Crying serves two broad functions: intra-individual functions and inter-individual functions. Intra-individual functions of crying refer to the effects that crying has for the individual. These functions are predominantly linked to stress reduction and the experience of mood enhancement and relief that follows crying. Conversely, inter-individual functions of crying involve the effects that crying has on other people. Theories that analyze the social effects of crying stress the signal value of distress vocalizations and/or of human tears. From the attachment theory perspective, crying is viewed as an appeal for the presence and attention of the caregiver. Crying, particularly visible tears, has been shown to promote empathy and prosocial behaviour, facilitates social bonding and reduces inter-personal aggression. Recent research has shown that visible tears impact the evaluation of a human face and identify the need for support. On the other hand, the sound of infants crying has been shown to elicit anger, irritation, frustration and even aggression from others (Gracanin, Bylsma & Vingerhoets, 2014). | Crying can be elicited by various events that range from extremely negative to extremely positive experiences (Gracanin, Bylsma & Vingerhoets, 2014). Crying often occurs in situations that are characterized by separation, loss and helplessness and being overwhelmed by strong emotions. Crying serves two broad functions: intra-individual functions and inter-individual functions. Intra-individual functions of crying refer to the effects that crying has for the individual. These functions are predominantly linked to stress reduction and the experience of mood enhancement and relief that follows crying. Conversely, inter-individual functions of crying involve the effects that crying has on other people. Theories that analyze the social effects of crying stress the signal value of distress vocalizations and/or of human tears. From the attachment theory perspective, crying is viewed as an appeal for the presence and attention of the caregiver. Crying, particularly visible tears, has been shown to promote empathy and prosocial behaviour, facilitates social bonding and reduces inter-personal aggression. Recent research has shown that visible tears impact the evaluation of a human face and identify the need for support. On the other hand, the sound of infants crying has been shown to elicit anger, irritation, frustration and even aggression from others (Gracanin, Bylsma & Vingerhoets, 2014). | ||
| ====== Non-Humans Animals and Crying ====== | ====== Non-Humans Animals and Crying ====== | ||
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| + | <box 35% round | > {{ :wolforfox.jpg?300 |}} </box| Figure 3: A coyote howls. http://www.wideopenspaces.com/4-coyote-calls-need-know/ | ||
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| Humans have been identified as the only species to produce emotional tears. In all mammals and most birds, offspring react with separation calls or distress calls upon being removed from their parents (Gracanin, Bylsma & Vingerhoets, 2014). This is the phylogenetic basis of acoustical crying of human infants. This form of crying is meant to alleviate separation from the parents. In animals, distress calls are mainly displayed by young offspring and they are never accompanied by the production of tears. They are able to produce tears in response to irritation of the eye, or to keep the eyes moist, however, they do not cry in response to a psychological event (Gracanin, Bylsma & Vingerhoets, 2014). | Humans have been identified as the only species to produce emotional tears. In all mammals and most birds, offspring react with separation calls or distress calls upon being removed from their parents (Gracanin, Bylsma & Vingerhoets, 2014). This is the phylogenetic basis of acoustical crying of human infants. This form of crying is meant to alleviate separation from the parents. In animals, distress calls are mainly displayed by young offspring and they are never accompanied by the production of tears. They are able to produce tears in response to irritation of the eye, or to keep the eyes moist, however, they do not cry in response to a psychological event (Gracanin, Bylsma & Vingerhoets, 2014). | ||
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| ===== Distress Calls in Mammals ===== | ===== Distress Calls in Mammals ===== | ||
| - | <box 35% round right | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.23.23_pm.png?325|}} </box| Figure 2: Distress calls in mammals. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2760764/Mammals-respond-distress-calls-newborns-regardless-species.html | + | <box 35% round right | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.23.23_pm.png?325|}} </box| Figure 4: Distress calls in mammals. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2760764/Mammals-respond-distress-calls-newborns-regardless-species.html |
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| ==== Lacrimal System ==== | ==== Lacrimal System ==== | ||
| - | <box 30% round right | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.07.02_pm.png?350|}} </box| Figure 3: Lacrimal system. https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photo-lacrimal-apparatus-image9845505 > | + | <box 30% round right | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.07.02_pm.png?350|}} </box| Figure 5: Lacrimal system. https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photo-lacrimal-apparatus-image9845505 > |
| The lacrimal system is named after its largest and main gland, called the lacrimal gland, which is responsible for expelling tears through a multitude of ducts around the eye (Botelho, 1964). The lacrimal gland is also commonly referred to as the tear duct. This system is composed of both a secretory and an excretory system, which produces tears and drains the tears, respectively. Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland, which are then secreted through ducts onto the surface of the eye. Some of the liquid evaporates between blinks, and some is drained through the lacrimal punctum, which will eventually pass through the nose. Any excess fluid that was not subject to evaporation or drainage through the punctum will fall over the eyelid, which in turn presents as the tears that an individual cries (Lutz, 1999). The lacrimal system does not solely synthesize and secrete tears, but also collects them (Botelho, 1964). As an individual blinks, the eyelids direct tear fluid towards the punctum. The punctum then acts as a passageway for the tears to move into the lacrimal sac, and subsequently downwards into the nasolacrimal duct (Botelho, 1964). This can explain why when a person is crying, they may also experience a runny nose. | The lacrimal system is named after its largest and main gland, called the lacrimal gland, which is responsible for expelling tears through a multitude of ducts around the eye (Botelho, 1964). The lacrimal gland is also commonly referred to as the tear duct. This system is composed of both a secretory and an excretory system, which produces tears and drains the tears, respectively. Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland, which are then secreted through ducts onto the surface of the eye. Some of the liquid evaporates between blinks, and some is drained through the lacrimal punctum, which will eventually pass through the nose. Any excess fluid that was not subject to evaporation or drainage through the punctum will fall over the eyelid, which in turn presents as the tears that an individual cries (Lutz, 1999). The lacrimal system does not solely synthesize and secrete tears, but also collects them (Botelho, 1964). As an individual blinks, the eyelids direct tear fluid towards the punctum. The punctum then acts as a passageway for the tears to move into the lacrimal sac, and subsequently downwards into the nasolacrimal duct (Botelho, 1964). This can explain why when a person is crying, they may also experience a runny nose. | ||
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| There are three types of tears: basal tears, reflexive tears, and psychic tears (Lutz, 1999). Basal tears are synthesized at a rate of one to two microliters per minute. Their role is to keep the eye lubricated and regulate any abnormalities on the corneal surface (Lutz, 1999). The production of basal tears maintains a liquid film on the surface of the eye (Botelho, 1964). Reflexive tears are synthesized in response to irritants that come in contact or are around the eye, such physically getting poked in the eye or while chopping onions (Lutz, 1999). They are produced by the excitation of sensory receptors that are positioned in the conjunctiva of the eye and mucous membranes of the nose (Botelho, 1964). Psychic, or emotional, tears are produced by the lacrimal system and are the tears excreted during periods of intense emotion (Lutz, 1999). The lacrimal gland is fundamentally in charge of making reflexive and emotional tears. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Saree Penbharkkul and Samuel Karelitz, it was exhibited that the lacrimal system is not fully developed when a human is born (Botelho, 1964). Only approximately 13% of infants are able to produce tears when crying in the first five days of life. They suggested that this delayed capacity for tear production may be attributed to the impartial development of the parts of the central nervous system that innervate the lacrimal system in newborns (Botelho, 1964). | There are three types of tears: basal tears, reflexive tears, and psychic tears (Lutz, 1999). Basal tears are synthesized at a rate of one to two microliters per minute. Their role is to keep the eye lubricated and regulate any abnormalities on the corneal surface (Lutz, 1999). The production of basal tears maintains a liquid film on the surface of the eye (Botelho, 1964). Reflexive tears are synthesized in response to irritants that come in contact or are around the eye, such physically getting poked in the eye or while chopping onions (Lutz, 1999). They are produced by the excitation of sensory receptors that are positioned in the conjunctiva of the eye and mucous membranes of the nose (Botelho, 1964). Psychic, or emotional, tears are produced by the lacrimal system and are the tears excreted during periods of intense emotion (Lutz, 1999). The lacrimal gland is fundamentally in charge of making reflexive and emotional tears. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Saree Penbharkkul and Samuel Karelitz, it was exhibited that the lacrimal system is not fully developed when a human is born (Botelho, 1964). Only approximately 13% of infants are able to produce tears when crying in the first five days of life. They suggested that this delayed capacity for tear production may be attributed to the impartial development of the parts of the central nervous system that innervate the lacrimal system in newborns (Botelho, 1964). | ||
| - | <box 50% round | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.15.02_pm.png?525|}} </box| Figure 4: Types of tears. https://steemit.com/news/@jonathanxvi/why-do-we-cry-the-three-types-of-tears > | + | <box 50% round | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.15.02_pm.png?525|}} </box| Figure 6: Types of tears. https://steemit.com/news/@jonathanxvi/why-do-we-cry-the-three-types-of-tears > |
| ==== Neurological System ==== | ==== Neurological System ==== | ||
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| The trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve, contains the sensory pathway that is responsible for tears (‘Tears’, 2018). The motor pathway is involuntary, and considered to be a part of the autonomic nervous system. This utilizes the pathway of the facial, or seventh cranial nerve (‘Tears’, 2018). Lacrimal gland secretion of proteins, electrolytes, and water is controlled by the activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that release neurotransmitters (Dartt, 2009). The key neurotransmitters in crying are norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y, which are sympathetic, and acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal peptide, which are parasympathetic. All of these neurotransmitters stimulate separate signalling pathways, however these pathways do interact. Lastly, enkephalins, which are related to endorphins, activate an inhibitory pathway that blocks lacrimal gland secretion and crying (Dartt, 2009). | The trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve, contains the sensory pathway that is responsible for tears (‘Tears’, 2018). The motor pathway is involuntary, and considered to be a part of the autonomic nervous system. This utilizes the pathway of the facial, or seventh cranial nerve (‘Tears’, 2018). Lacrimal gland secretion of proteins, electrolytes, and water is controlled by the activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that release neurotransmitters (Dartt, 2009). The key neurotransmitters in crying are norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y, which are sympathetic, and acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal peptide, which are parasympathetic. All of these neurotransmitters stimulate separate signalling pathways, however these pathways do interact. Lastly, enkephalins, which are related to endorphins, activate an inhibitory pathway that blocks lacrimal gland secretion and crying (Dartt, 2009). | ||
| - | <box 50% round | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.26.00_pm.png?525 |}} </box| Figure 5: Neurologic system. https://study.com/academy/lesson/cranial-nerves-of-the-face-and-mouth-motion-and-sensation-functionality.html > | + | <box 50% round | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.26.00_pm.png?525 |}} </box| Figure 7: Neurologic system. https://study.com/academy/lesson/cranial-nerves-of-the-face-and-mouth-motion-and-sensation-functionality.html > |
| ====== Humans and Crying ====== | ====== Humans and Crying ====== | ||
| - | <box 30% round right | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.30.42_pm.png?250|}} </box| Figure 6: The amygdala. https://www.neuroscientificallychallenged.com/blog/know-your-brain-amygdala | + | <box 30% round right | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.30.42_pm.png?250|}} </box| Figure 8: The amygdala. https://www.neuroscientificallychallenged.com/blog/know-your-brain-amygdala |
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| - | <box 50% round | > {{ :crying_lebron.jpg?400 |}} </box| Figure 7: Tears of joy. https://www.esquire.com/sports/news/a45990/crying-lebron/ > | + | <box 50% round | > {{ :crying_lebron.jpg?400 |}} </box| Figure 9: Tears of joy. https://www.esquire.com/sports/news/a45990/crying-lebron/ > |
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| Your body produces 3 types of tears as stated above. The basal variety is used as a lubricant and protectant of the eye and coat your eyes each time you blink (Botelho, 1964). There are also reflex tears which are another form of protection released in response to wind, dirt etc… Finally, there are emotional tears (Botelho, 1964). Each of these types of tears is a combination of salt water, oils, antibodies and enzymes (Botelho, 1964). In the project topography of tears the photographer, Rose-Lynn Fisher examined dried human tears under a microscope to create a collection of different images. Her main conclusion was that tears coming from love developed patterns of complex beauty whereas tears coming from negative emotions became disordered (Fisher, 2017). | Your body produces 3 types of tears as stated above. The basal variety is used as a lubricant and protectant of the eye and coat your eyes each time you blink (Botelho, 1964). There are also reflex tears which are another form of protection released in response to wind, dirt etc… Finally, there are emotional tears (Botelho, 1964). Each of these types of tears is a combination of salt water, oils, antibodies and enzymes (Botelho, 1964). In the project topography of tears the photographer, Rose-Lynn Fisher examined dried human tears under a microscope to create a collection of different images. Her main conclusion was that tears coming from love developed patterns of complex beauty whereas tears coming from negative emotions became disordered (Fisher, 2017). | ||
| - | <box 25% round right | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.40.37_pm.png?250|}} </box| Figure 9: Laughing tears. http://rose-lynnfisher.com/tears.html > | + | <box 25% round right | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.40.37_pm.png?250|}} </box| Figure 11: Laughing tears. http://rose-lynnfisher.com/tears.html > |
| - | <box 25% round left | > {{:screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.35.29_pm.png?250|}} </box| Figure 8: Tears of grief. http://rose-lynnfisher.com/tears.html > | + | <box 25% round left | > {{:screen_shot_2018-03-30_at_6.35.29_pm.png?250|}} </box| Figure 10: Tears of grief. http://rose-lynnfisher.com/tears.html > |
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| - | <box 50% round right | > {{ :hare_checklist.jpg?300 |}} </box| Figure 10: Hare checklist for psychopaths. https://thebrainofapsychopath.weebly.com/pathology-on-the-hare-psychopathy-checklist.html> | + | <box 50% round right | > {{ :hare_checklist.jpg?280 |}} </box| Figure 12: Hare checklist for psychopaths. https://thebrainofapsychopath.weebly.com/pathology-on-the-hare-psychopathy-checklist.html> |
