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group_1_presentation_1_-_dissociative_identity_disorder [2018/09/28 23:39] sabraniw [Environmental Causes] |
group_1_presentation_1_-_dissociative_identity_disorder [2018/09/29 00:22] (current) sabraniw [Environmental Causes] |
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| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), is also commonly referred to as multiple personality disorder. It is a very complex disorder characterized by the coexistence of multiple separate identities (Kluft, 1996). DID commonly develops after the occurrence of some form of trauma in childhood. However, as a person with DID grows older, the multiple personalities may grow more complex, as the individual affected may combine posttraumatic events with fantasy to create more intricate personalities (Kluft, 1996). | Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), is also commonly referred to as multiple personality disorder. It is a very complex disorder characterized by the coexistence of multiple separate identities (Kluft, 1996). DID commonly develops after the occurrence of some form of trauma in childhood. However, as a person with DID grows older, the multiple personalities may grow more complex, as the individual affected may combine posttraumatic events with fantasy to create more intricate personalities (Kluft, 1996). | ||
| - | {{ :dissociative_identity_disorder_by_x_sinister_chaos_x-d5uegwj.jpg?direct&300 |}} | + | {{ :dissociative_identity_disorder_by_x_sinister_chaos_x-d5uegwj.jpg?direct&600 |}} |
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| ===== Genetic Causes ===== | ===== Genetic Causes ===== | ||
| - | There are many complex factors that contribute to DID. However, different kinds of animal and psychophysiological studies conclude that many types of personality disorders are influenced genetically, in particular the schizotypal and antisocial personal disorder. Furthermore, DID patients who experience early stress during childhood show association with changes in the structure of the hippocampus and the amygdalar volumes. This suggests that one’s genetic predisposition to smaller hippocampus and amygdalar volumes may lead to the development of DID. | + | There are many complex factors that contribute to DID. However, different kinds of animal and psychophysiological studies conclude that many types of personality disorders are influenced genetically, in particular the schizotypal and antisocial personal disorder (Kluft, 1987). Furthermore, DID patients who experience early stress during childhood show association with changes in the structure of the hippocampus and the amygdalar volumes. This suggests that one’s genetic predisposition to smaller hippocampus and amygdalar volumes may lead to the development of DID (Vermetten et al, 2007). |
| - | One of the predisposing factors of DID is a natural, inborn capacity to dissociate. This is the biological determinant of DID. Although no twin studies have yet been undertaken due to the difficulties in sampling, there is evidence that DID may be trangenerational. It has been reported and/or observed that there is evidence of dissociative phenomenon in the family histories of 18 multiple case. | + | One of the predisposing factors of DID is a natural, inborn capacity to dissociate. This is the biological determinant of DID. Although no twin studies have yet been undertaken due to the difficulties in sampling, there is evidence that DID may be trangenerational. It has been reported and/or observed that there is evidence of dissociative phenomenon in the family histories of 18 multiple case (Kluft, 1987). |
| ===== Environmental Causes ===== | ===== Environmental Causes ===== | ||
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| In a larger pool of 388 cases of DID, 91.2% of the patients had been physically or sexual abused (Ross et al, 1991). | In a larger pool of 388 cases of DID, 91.2% of the patients had been physically or sexual abused (Ross et al, 1991). | ||
| - | + | <box square centre| > {{:did_enviro_graph.png?nolink&500|}} | |
| - | <box 25% square right | > {{ :screen_shot_2018-09-18_at_4.58.14_pm.png?nolink&250|}} | + | |
| </box| Figure 1: Graph showing the number of DID patients and the age at which they were physically or sexually abused.> | </box| Figure 1: Graph showing the number of DID patients and the age at which they were physically or sexually abused.> | ||
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| ===== Anatomic Abnormalities ===== | ===== Anatomic Abnormalities ===== | ||
| - | There are 3 distinct hypotheses that have been supported by research data obtained through various means of data collection. These hypotheses each attribute the symptoms of dissociative identity disorder to a structure of the brain. Respectively, these are the orbitofrontal hypothesis, cortico-limbic hypothesis, and finally the temporal hypothesis (Dorahy et al, 2014). Furthermore, each specific method of data collection tends to support a single hypothesis. <box 16% square right | > {{:orbitofrontal_cortex.png?200|}} </box| Figure 2: SPECT image of the orbitofrontal cortex . On the right are normal control patients and on the left are patients with DID. Patients on the left have reduced perfusion to orbitofrontal region> | + | There are 3 distinct hypotheses that have been supported by research data obtained through various means of data collection. These hypotheses each attribute the symptoms of dissociative identity disorder to a structure of the brain. Respectively, these are the orbitofrontal hypothesis, cortico-limbic hypothesis, and finally the temporal hypothesis (Dorahy et al, 2014). Furthermore, each specific method of data collection tends to support a single hypothesis. <box 16% square right | > {{:orbitofrontal_cortex.png?200|}} </box| Figure 3: SPECT image of the orbitofrontal cortex . On the right are normal control patients and on the left are patients with DID. Patients on the left have reduced perfusion to orbitofrontal region> |
| - | <box 16% square right | > {{:reduced_hippocampal_amygdalar_volumes.png?200|}} </box| Figure 3: Comparison of hippocampal and amygdalar volumes. In blue are healthy patients and in red are patients with DID. Patients with DID show reduced hippocampal and amygdalar volumes> | + | <box 20% square right | > {{:reduced_hippocampal_amygdalar_volumes.png?250|}} </box| Figure 2: Comparison of hippocampal and amygdalar volumes. In blue are healthy patients and in red are patients with DID. Patients with DID show reduced hippocampal and amygdalar volumes> |
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| Although DID is believed to be uncommon, there have been some cases of DID brought up in court rooms. It has been used as a defence in cases ranging from drunk driving, kidnapping, theft and even murder, in extreme cases. | Although DID is believed to be uncommon, there have been some cases of DID brought up in court rooms. It has been used as a defence in cases ranging from drunk driving, kidnapping, theft and even murder, in extreme cases. | ||
| + | {{ :court3_web--2-thumb-large.jpg?300 |}} | ||
| ==== Juanita Maxwell ==== | ==== Juanita Maxwell ==== | ||
