====== Ultrafast lasers in surgical applications and advanced manufacturing of biomedical devices ======
Microstructure materials are currently used in different fields. One of these areas is sensor devices such as microfluidic devices. The devices are made from transparent materials such as glass and PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane). There are several techniques that are currently used to remove substance and create microchannels on material surface, laser ablation is one of the important methods that can be used in microfabrication. This importance results from the development of laser. In the past, laser with long pulse duration (>picosecond) had been used to fabricate microstructure materials, but because pulse duration of laser was longer than thermal relaxation time of ablated material, the thermal effect was present and caused micro crackers into materials. However, after ultrafast pulse laser (pulse duration <picosecond) is generated, the micro processing of materials using this laser allows for the possibility of material removal on order of micro scale with low thermal damage. In fact, manufacture of microstructure materials using ultrafast pulse laser is still under study. 

**Publications:** 
  * Jacob Saunders, M. Elbestawi, and Qiyin Fang, "Ultrafast Laser Additive Manufacturing: A Review," J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2023, 7, 89. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7030089|Open Access doi:10.3390/jmmp7030089]]
  * Joseph Deering, Dalia Mahmoud, Elyse Rier, Yujing Lin, Anna Cecilia do Nascimento Pereira, Silvia Titotto, Qiyin Fang, Gregory R. Wohl, Feilong Deng, Kathryn Grandfield, Mohamed A. Elbestawi, Jianyu Chen, "Osseointegration of functionally graded Ti6Al4V porous implants: Histology of the pore network," Biomaterials Advances, 155, 213697, 2023, [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213697|/doi 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213697]]
  * Joseph Deering, Jianyu Chen, Dalia Mahmoud, Tengteng Tang, Yujing Lin, Qiyin Fang, Greg Wohl, Mo Elbestawi, Kathryn Grandfield, "Characterizing Mineral Ellipsoids in New Bone Formation at the Interface of Ti6Al4V Porous Implants." Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 10, 2300333. [[https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202300333|online]]
  * Wenbin Zhang, Fahad Alghannam, Yingchao Zhu, Jianfei Zhang, Gregory R. Wohl, Harold K. Haugen, Zhipeng Qin, Guoqiang Xie, Qiyin Fang and Steve Guofang Shen, "Effects of Drilling Technology on Mini-Implant Primary Stability: A Comparison of the Mechanical Drilling and Femtosecond Laser Ablation," Frontiers in Physics 9:766644, 2021. ([[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2021.766644|Open Access]])
  * Mostafa Yakout, Ian Phillips, M.A. Elbestawi, Qiyin Fang, "In-situ monitoring and detection of spatter agglomeration and delamination during laser-based powder bed fusion of Invar 36," Optics & Laser Technology, 106741, ISSN 0030-3992, doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106741. ([[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106741|Online]])
  * Fahad Aljekhedab, Wenbin Zhang, Harold K. Haugen, Gregory R. Wohl, Munir M. El-Desouki, Qiyin Fang, "Influence of environmental conditions in bovine bone ablation by ultrafast laser," Journal of Biophotonics, 12(6): e201800293, 2019; doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201800293([[https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201800293|online]])
  * Ran An; Ghadeer W. Khadar; Emilia I. Wilk; Brent Emigh; Harold K. Haugen; Gregory R. Wohl; Brett Dunlop; Mehran Anvari; Joseph E. Hayward; Qiyin Fang, "Ultrafast laser ablation and machining large-size structures on porcine bone," Journal of Biomedical Optics 18 (7):070504, 2013, doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.18.7.070504, ([[http://biomedicaloptics.spiedigitallibrary.org/article.aspx?articleid=1720637|Open Access]]) 
  * Brent Emigh, Ran An, Eugene M. Hsu, Travis H. R. Crawford, Harold K. Haugen, Gregory R. Wohl, Joseph E. Hayward, and Qiyin Fang, "Porcine cortical bone ablation by ultrafast pulsed laser irradiation," Journal of Biomedical Optics, 17(2):028001, 2012 ({{:public:publications:brent_bone_jbo_2012.pdf|PDF}})